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Resistance (Ohm) 1.0E+11 1.0E+10 1.0E+09 1.0E+08 1.0E+07 1.0E+06 1.0E+05 1.0E+04 1.0E+03 1.0E+02 PANI = 10% of total PANI = 20% of total 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Volume fraction of PEMA (%)(PS+PEMA=100%) Figure A-4.5. Resistance values for ternary blends of PS/PEMA/PANI comprising of 10% and 20% of PANI with various compositions ratio of PEMA and PS as a function of volume fraction of PEMA It is concluded that the composition of the inner and outer phases in a double percolated structure can either be effective or ineffective, depending on the interfacial tension of the phases. References of Annexes Berger, W., Kammer, H. W., & Kummerlowe, C. (1984). Makromol Chem Suppl B, 8, 101. Caruso, F. (2003). Hollow Inorganic Capsules via Colloid-Templated Layer-by-Layer Electrostatic Assembly (pp. 145-168). Caruso, F., Caruso, R. A., & Mohwald, H. (1998). Nanoengineering of inorganic and hybrid hollow spheres by colloidal templating. Science, 282(Copyright 1999, IEE), 1111-1114. Caruso, F., Caruso, R. A., & Mohwald, H. (1999). Production of Hollow Microspheres from Nanostructured Composite Particles. Chemistry of Materials, 11(11), 3309-3314. 260
Caruso, F., & Schuler, C. (2000). Enzyme Multilayers on Colloid Particles: Assembly, Stability, and Enzymatic Activity.. Langmuir, 16(24), 9595-9603. Cheung, J. H., Stockton, W. B., & Rubner, M. F. (1997). Molecular-level processing of conjugated polymers. 3. Layer-by-layer manipulation of polyaniline via electrostatic interactions. Macromolecules, 30(9), 2712-2716. Fricke, H. A. (1924). mathematical treatment of the electrical conductivity and capacity of disperse systems. I. The electrical conductivity of a suspension of homogeneous spheroids. J. Physical Rev.,, 24, 575-587. Gubbels, F., Jerome, R., Teyssie, P., Vanlathem, E., Deltour, R., Calderone, A., et al. (1994). Selective localization of carbon black in immiscible polymer blends: a useful tool to design electrical conductive composites. Macromolecules, 27(7), 1972-1974. Hobbs, S. Y., Dekkers, M. E. J., & Watkins, V. H. (1988). Effect of interfacial forces on polymer blend morphologies. Polymer, 29(9), 1598-1602. Hou, S., Harrell, C. C., Trofin, L., Kohli, P., & Martin, C. R. (2004). Layer-by-Layer Nanotube Template Synthesis. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126(18), 5674-5675. Koh, J. C. Y., & Fortini, A. (1973). Prediction of thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of porous metallic materials. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer,, 16, 2013-2021. Lyngaae-Jorgensen, J., & Utracki, L. A. (2003). Structuring polymer blends with bicontinuous phase morphology. II. Tailoring blends with ultralow critical volume fraction. Polymer, 44(5), 1661-1669. Narkis, M., Haba, Y., Segal, E., Zilberman, M., Titelman, G. I., & Siegmann, A. (2000). Structured electrically conductive polyaniline/polymer blends. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 11(8-12), 665-673. Omonov, T. S., Harrats, C., & Groeninckx, G. (2005). Co-continuous and encapsulated three phase morphologies in uncompatibilized and reactively compatibilized polyamide 6/polypropylene/polystyrene ternary blends using two reactive precursors. Polymer, 46(26), 12322-12336. Park, M.-K., Deng, S., & Advincula, R. C. (2005). Sustained Release Control via Photo-Cross- Linking of Polyelectrolyte Layer-by-Layer Hollow Capsules. Langmuir, 21(12), 5272- 5277. Potschke, P., & Paul, D. R. (2003). Formation of co-continuous structures in melt-mixed immiscible polymer blends. Journal of Macromolecular Science - Polymer Reviews, 43(1), 87-141. Reignier, J., & Favis, B. D. (2000). Control of the subinclusion microstructure in HDPE/PS/PMMA ternary blends. Macromolecules, 33(19), 6998-7008. 261
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© Sepehr Ravati, 2010. UNIVERSITÉ
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DEDICATED To my parents iii
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RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse présente, po
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devenir une structure hiérarchique
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ABSTRACT This thesis presents, for
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system can be increased from 10 -15
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CONDENSÉ EN FRANÇAIS Dans ce trav
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deuxième coquille de PS. Les phase
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structures à percolation multiple
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autre sous-type de morphologie dans
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.......
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xxiii 2.4.1.1.1 Charged Polymer Ads
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5.3.4 Annealing Test ..............
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xxvii REFERENCES ..................
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LIST OF FIGURES xxix Figure 1-1. a)
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Figure 2-12. SEM photomicrograph of
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Figure 2-34. Schematic view of diff
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Figure 4-8. SEM micrographs of vari
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Figure 5-6. a),b) Scanning electron
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and c) triangular concentration dia
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n number of moles p concentration o
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AFM atomic force microscopy LIST OF
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PS-co-PMMA copolymer of PS and PMMA
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1.1 Introduction CHAPTER 1 - INTROD
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Figure 1-2. Human heart, longitudin
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One of the applications for porous
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On the other hand, a novel tri-cont
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2.1 Polymer Blends CHAPTER 2 - LITE
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Based on Sterling’s approximation
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Antonoff’s rule (Equation 2-13) i
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2.1.2.1 Binary Polymer Blends 2.1.2
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Some other studies(Everaert, Aerts,
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where the parameter z is dependent
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“compatibilization” was suggest
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a) λ BC A and B are matrices, b) C
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Reignier & Favis, 2000, 2003a; Reig
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measure the interfacial tension of
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a) b) Figure 2-6. Dependence of the
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Omonov et al. found double percolat
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2.1.2.2.3 Effect of Composition on
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a) b) C B A c) Figure 2-12. SEM pho
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In the case where PS is the matrix,
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Posthuma de Boer, 1999) (Kumin & Ch
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lattice, such as square lattice, wi
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magnetization, which is a function
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Polymers have long been thought of
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epoxy as a function of nanotube wei
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Figure 2-19. Approaching the percol
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Figure 2-21. Transmission electron
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Figure 2-22: Dependence of PE conti
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Figure 2-24. Plot of the total numb
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chain provides the conductive path
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2.3.1.2.1 Polyaniline One of the mo
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CoPA/LLDPE/PANI blend and a poor-qu
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Narkis and co-workers extended and
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Figure 2-31: Conductivity of PVDF/P
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organic thin films, a novel and str
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on the topic have been reported in
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succeeded in creating thin films wi
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Addition of salt to the solution of
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different from that of linear homop
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Figure 2-39. Macromolecule with a)
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polyanion such as hyaluronan (HA)(P
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2.4.1.1.7 Effect of Salt on Multila
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2.4.1.1.8 Overcompensation of the M
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important factors determining the g
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As shown in Figure 2-44, swelling a
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increasing the pH value due to a de
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CHAPTER 3 - ORGANIZATION OF THE ART
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discussed above, HDPE, PS, PMMA, an
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CHAPTER 4 - LOW PERCOLATION THRESHO
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or model which predicts where the p
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concentration threshold for the ons
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chemical and weathering resistance,
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Table 4-1. Material Characteristics
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filled with blend pellets. To facil
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4.3.6 Conductivity Measurements DC
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experimentally in this research gro
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a) b) c) d) Figure 4-4. Schematic i
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microstructure of the quaternary bl
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a) b) c) d) Figure 4-6. SEM microgr
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a) b) PVDF PS PMMA c) d) e) HDPE PS
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Uniform layers of PS and PMMA situa
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the concentration of HDPE is increa
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a) b) c) e) Figure 4-11. SEM microg
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melt-processable and contains 25 wt
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One question that should be address
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Conductivity(S/cm) Ternary Blend 1,
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phase(PMMA), the concentration of P
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(6) Virgilio, N.; Desjardins, P.; L
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ONION MORPHOLOGY HDPE PVDF PS Contr
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work described above has focused on
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thermodynamic explanation to predic
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four-point probe increases continuo
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in the rheology tests were compress
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5.3.6 Layer-by-Layer Deposition The
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prepare a polymer blend structure w
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a) b) c) Figure 5-3. Scanning elect
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spontaneously self-assembled. After
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a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Figure 5-5.
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Since the ultra-low surface area va
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c) a) b) Figure 5-6. a),b) Scanning
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salt to a PSS polyelectrolyte solut
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A relationship between macropore si
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close together. It is interesting t
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Figure 5-9. Mass increase (%) indic
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In this work the conductance of the
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deposited PANI layers increases unt
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(52) Guo, H. F.; Packirisamy, S.; G
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6.2 Introduction It is well-known t
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modified version of Harkins theory(
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6.3 Experimental 6.3.1 Materials Co
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Complex voscosity (Pa.s) 1,0E+04 1,
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6.3.5.2 Focused Ion Beam (FIB) and
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a) c) b) d) e) f) PMMA PMMA HDPE HD
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y Harkins theory, PS will always si
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a) b) c) d) e) f) PS Figure 6-6. a)
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a) b) HDPE : black PS : grey PMMA :
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6.4.6 Continuity, Co-continuity, an
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c) V III II I VII I IV VI Figure 6-
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Continuity Scheme (a) Figure 6-10.
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Addition of a low concentration of
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Addition of small amounts of HDPE t
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icontinuous network with the HDPE.
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Three examples are shown in Figure
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(9) Mekhilef, N.; Verhoogt, H. Poly
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structures are formed due to the co
Page 255 and 256: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS In t
Page 257 and 258: REFERENCES A. K. Gupta, K. R. S. (1
Page 259 and 260: Caruso, F. (2003). Hollow Inorganic
Page 261 and 262: Domenech, S. C., Bortoluzzi, J. H.,
Page 263 and 264: Geuskens, G., Gielens, J. L., Geshe
Page 265 and 266: Hou, S., Harrell, C. C., Trofin, L.
Page 267 and 268: Krass, H., Papastavrou, G., & Kurth
Page 269 and 270: Macdiarmid, A. G., Jin-Chih, C., Ha
Page 271 and 272: Niziol, J., & Laska, J. (1999). Con
Page 273 and 274: Reghu, M., Yoon, C. O., Yang, C. Y.
Page 275 and 276: Shirakawa, H., Louis, E. L., MacDia
Page 277 and 278: Utracki, L. A. (1991). On the visco
Page 279 and 280: Yasuda, K., Armstrong, R., & Cohen,
Page 281 and 282: literature has examined factors inf
Page 283 and 284: (Reignier & Favis, 2000, 2003a; Rei
Page 285 and 286: Table A-1.2. Interfacial tensions a
Page 287 and 288: acquisition of images with a very h
Page 289 and 290: Table A-1.3. Continuity of the PMMA
Page 291 and 292: (17) Reignier, J.; Favis, B. D., Ma
Page 293 and 294: PANI. Theoretically, the extent of
Page 295 and 296: Equation A-2.7 0( ) 0 1. 5 σ = σ
Page 297 and 298: Cumulative Mass × 10 5 (g) dipping
Page 299 and 300: of PANI, and an increase in the con
Page 301 and 302: Resistance(ohm) 1.0E+12 1.0E+11 1.0
Page 303 and 304: esistance value. Samples containing
Page 305: The results of resistance for PS/PE
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