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Table 6-2. Interfacial Tension of Polymer Pairs from (Reignier & Favis, 2000) and Positive Spreading Coefficient of Ternary Blends 6.3.2 Rheological Analysis Interfacial tension γ (mN/m) Positive Spreading Coeff. λ (mN/m) γHDPE/PMMA = 8.6 λPS/PMMA = 2.6 γPS/PMMA = 2.4 λPMMA/HDPE = -5.9 γPS/HDPE = 5.1 λHDPE/PS = -11.3 The disc-shape samples were compression molded in the hot press at 200°C. A Bohlin constant stress rheometer (CSM) in the dynamic mode equipped with 25 mm parallel disk geometry was utilized to measure the linear viscoelastic properties of homopolymers containing 0.2% antioxidant. All polymers were found to be stable at set temperature in the time sweep test for 8 minutes. After the determination of the viscoelastic region by stress sweep, a frequency sweep allowed for the measure of the zero shear viscosity of each sample. The Carreau-Yasuda model and IRIS Rheo-Hub 2008 software were employed to determine the zero shear viscosity of PEMA. The complex viscosity of pure homopolymers is plotted as a function of frequency in Figure 6-3. The average shear rate in the mixer is approximately 25 s -1 (Reignier, et al., 2003). The zero shear viscosity and the viscosity at 25 s -1 for the various homopolymers are reported in Table 6-1. 178
Complex voscosity (Pa.s) 1,0E+04 1,0E+03 1,0E+02 1,0E+01 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 Figure 6-3. Complex viscosity as a function of frequency at 190ºC for homopolymers 6.3.3 Sample Preparation Ternary polymer blends were melt-blended under a flow of dry nitrogen in a 30mL Plasti-Corder internal mixer (Brabender) operating at 200 °C and 50 rpm for 8 minutes. To reduce thermal oxidation of the polymers, 0. 2 wt % of Irganox B225 antioxidant from Ciba-Geigy was added to the mixture. The mixing chamber was filled to 70% of its total volume. After mixing, the samples were immediately cut from the mass and quenched in a cold water bath to freeze-in the morphology. All concentrations have been reported based on component volume fraction. 6.3.4 Solvent Extraction Frequency (rad s -1 ) In order to determine the continuity level of components in the blend, a solvent extraction/gravimetric method was performed. It is a fast and straightforward technique to detect HDPE PS 179
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© Sepehr Ravati, 2010. UNIVERSITÉ
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DEDICATED To my parents iii
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RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse présente, po
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devenir une structure hiérarchique
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ABSTRACT This thesis presents, for
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system can be increased from 10 -15
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CONDENSÉ EN FRANÇAIS Dans ce trav
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deuxième coquille de PS. Les phase
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structures à percolation multiple
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autre sous-type de morphologie dans
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.......
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xxiii 2.4.1.1.1 Charged Polymer Ads
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5.3.4 Annealing Test ..............
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xxvii REFERENCES ..................
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LIST OF FIGURES xxix Figure 1-1. a)
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Figure 2-12. SEM photomicrograph of
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Figure 2-34. Schematic view of diff
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Figure 4-8. SEM micrographs of vari
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Figure 5-6. a),b) Scanning electron
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and c) triangular concentration dia
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n number of moles p concentration o
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AFM atomic force microscopy LIST OF
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PS-co-PMMA copolymer of PS and PMMA
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1.1 Introduction CHAPTER 1 - INTROD
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Figure 1-2. Human heart, longitudin
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One of the applications for porous
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On the other hand, a novel tri-cont
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2.1 Polymer Blends CHAPTER 2 - LITE
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Based on Sterling’s approximation
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Antonoff’s rule (Equation 2-13) i
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2.1.2.1 Binary Polymer Blends 2.1.2
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Some other studies(Everaert, Aerts,
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where the parameter z is dependent
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“compatibilization” was suggest
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a) λ BC A and B are matrices, b) C
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Reignier & Favis, 2000, 2003a; Reig
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measure the interfacial tension of
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a) b) Figure 2-6. Dependence of the
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Omonov et al. found double percolat
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2.1.2.2.3 Effect of Composition on
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a) b) C B A c) Figure 2-12. SEM pho
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In the case where PS is the matrix,
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Posthuma de Boer, 1999) (Kumin & Ch
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lattice, such as square lattice, wi
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magnetization, which is a function
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Polymers have long been thought of
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epoxy as a function of nanotube wei
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Figure 2-19. Approaching the percol
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Figure 2-21. Transmission electron
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Figure 2-22: Dependence of PE conti
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Figure 2-24. Plot of the total numb
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chain provides the conductive path
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2.3.1.2.1 Polyaniline One of the mo
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CoPA/LLDPE/PANI blend and a poor-qu
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Narkis and co-workers extended and
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Figure 2-31: Conductivity of PVDF/P
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organic thin films, a novel and str
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on the topic have been reported in
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succeeded in creating thin films wi
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Addition of salt to the solution of
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different from that of linear homop
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Figure 2-39. Macromolecule with a)
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polyanion such as hyaluronan (HA)(P
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2.4.1.1.7 Effect of Salt on Multila
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2.4.1.1.8 Overcompensation of the M
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important factors determining the g
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As shown in Figure 2-44, swelling a
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increasing the pH value due to a de
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CHAPTER 3 - ORGANIZATION OF THE ART
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discussed above, HDPE, PS, PMMA, an
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CHAPTER 4 - LOW PERCOLATION THRESHO
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or model which predicts where the p
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concentration threshold for the ons
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chemical and weathering resistance,
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Table 4-1. Material Characteristics
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filled with blend pellets. To facil
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4.3.6 Conductivity Measurements DC
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experimentally in this research gro
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a) b) c) d) Figure 4-4. Schematic i
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microstructure of the quaternary bl
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a) b) c) d) Figure 4-6. SEM microgr
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a) b) PVDF PS PMMA c) d) e) HDPE PS
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Uniform layers of PS and PMMA situa
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the concentration of HDPE is increa
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a) b) c) e) Figure 4-11. SEM microg
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melt-processable and contains 25 wt
Page 173 and 174: One question that should be address
Page 175 and 176: Conductivity(S/cm) Ternary Blend 1,
Page 177 and 178: phase(PMMA), the concentration of P
Page 179 and 180: (6) Virgilio, N.; Desjardins, P.; L
Page 181 and 182: ONION MORPHOLOGY HDPE PVDF PS Contr
Page 183 and 184: work described above has focused on
Page 185 and 186: thermodynamic explanation to predic
Page 187 and 188: four-point probe increases continuo
Page 189 and 190: in the rheology tests were compress
Page 191 and 192: 5.3.6 Layer-by-Layer Deposition The
Page 193 and 194: prepare a polymer blend structure w
Page 195 and 196: a) b) c) Figure 5-3. Scanning elect
Page 197 and 198: spontaneously self-assembled. After
Page 199 and 200: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Figure 5-5.
Page 201 and 202: Since the ultra-low surface area va
Page 203 and 204: c) a) b) Figure 5-6. a),b) Scanning
Page 205 and 206: salt to a PSS polyelectrolyte solut
Page 207 and 208: A relationship between macropore si
Page 209 and 210: close together. It is interesting t
Page 211 and 212: Figure 5-9. Mass increase (%) indic
Page 213 and 214: In this work the conductance of the
Page 215 and 216: deposited PANI layers increases unt
Page 217 and 218: (52) Guo, H. F.; Packirisamy, S.; G
Page 219 and 220: 6.2 Introduction It is well-known t
Page 221 and 222: modified version of Harkins theory(
Page 223: 6.3 Experimental 6.3.1 Materials Co
Page 227 and 228: 6.3.5.2 Focused Ion Beam (FIB) and
Page 229 and 230: a) c) b) d) e) f) PMMA PMMA HDPE HD
Page 231 and 232: y Harkins theory, PS will always si
Page 233 and 234: a) b) c) d) e) f) PS Figure 6-6. a)
Page 235 and 236: a) b) HDPE : black PS : grey PMMA :
Page 237 and 238: 6.4.6 Continuity, Co-continuity, an
Page 239 and 240: c) V III II I VII I IV VI Figure 6-
Page 241 and 242: Continuity Scheme (a) Figure 6-10.
Page 243 and 244: Addition of a low concentration of
Page 245 and 246: Addition of small amounts of HDPE t
Page 247 and 248: icontinuous network with the HDPE.
Page 249 and 250: Three examples are shown in Figure
Page 251 and 252: (9) Mekhilef, N.; Verhoogt, H. Poly
Page 253 and 254: structures are formed due to the co
Page 255 and 256: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS In t
Page 257 and 258: REFERENCES A. K. Gupta, K. R. S. (1
Page 259 and 260: Caruso, F. (2003). Hollow Inorganic
Page 261 and 262: Domenech, S. C., Bortoluzzi, J. H.,
Page 263 and 264: Geuskens, G., Gielens, J. L., Geshe
Page 265 and 266: Hou, S., Harrell, C. C., Trofin, L.
Page 267 and 268: Krass, H., Papastavrou, G., & Kurth
Page 269 and 270: Macdiarmid, A. G., Jin-Chih, C., Ha
Page 271 and 272: Niziol, J., & Laska, J. (1999). Con
Page 273 and 274: Reghu, M., Yoon, C. O., Yang, C. Y.
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Shirakawa, H., Louis, E. L., MacDia
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Utracki, L. A. (1991). On the visco
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Yasuda, K., Armstrong, R., & Cohen,
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literature has examined factors inf
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(Reignier & Favis, 2000, 2003a; Rei
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Table A-1.2. Interfacial tensions a
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acquisition of images with a very h
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Table A-1.3. Continuity of the PMMA
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(17) Reignier, J.; Favis, B. D., Ma
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PANI. Theoretically, the extent of
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Equation A-2.7 0( ) 0 1. 5 σ = σ
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Cumulative Mass × 10 5 (g) dipping
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of PANI, and an increase in the con
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Resistance(ohm) 1.0E+12 1.0E+11 1.0
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esistance value. Samples containing
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The results of resistance for PS/PE
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Caruso, F., & Schuler, C. (2000). E
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