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LIST OF TABLES xxviii Table 2-1. Relationship between concentration of the Polyanion and thickness of the Monolayers in L-b-L deposition technique(Cheung, et al., 1997) .............................. 80 Table 4-1. Material Characteristics ............................................................................................. 103 Table 4-2. Surface Tension, Polar Contribution, Dispersive Contribution, Polarity, and Rate of Surface Tension per Temperature for Homopolymers ......................................... 109 Table 4-3. Theoretical and Experimental Interfacial Tension for Polymer Pairs ....................... 109 Table 4-4. Spreading Coefficients in Different Ternary Blends and Predicted Order of Phases in Blends ....................................................................................................... 112 Table 4-5. Number of Components and Compositions of Samples Shown in Figure 4-14 ........ 128 Table 5-1. Characteristic Properties of Homopolymers ............................................................. 141 Table 5-2. Composition of Polymer Components in Ternary and Quaternary Blends ............... 143 Table 5-3. Continuity of the Porous Morphology With and Without annealing (PS, PMMA and PVDF extracted). ................................................................................................ 154 Table 5-4. Surface Area Measurements of Porous Polymer Substrates by BET ........................ 154 Table 5-5. Comparison of Surface Areas Reported in Previous Studies and in the Current Work (last two rows). ............................................................................................... 156 Table 6-1. Material Characteristics ............................................................................................. 177 Table 6-2. Interfacial Tension of Polymer Pairs from (Reignier & Favis, 2000) and Positive Spreading Coefficient of Ternary Blends ................................................................. 178
LIST OF FIGURES xxix Figure 1-1. a) Capillary vessels in eye(Malek et al., 2005) b) renal corpuscles tissue (Rahmy, 2001) c)(Rahmy, 2001) Hypertrophied parietal cell d)(Rahmy, 2001) Epithelial lining cells of a proximal convoluted .......................................................... 2 Figure 1-2. Human heart, longitudinal collagen fibers (bar = 50 µm)(Wang Gusukuma, Prates, & Smith, 2004) ................................................................................................. 3 Figure 1-3. a), b), c) Some of the polymer blend samples observed by Veeco lab(http://www.veeco.com/library/resources/Sample_Preparation/index.aspx), d)three-phase contact morphology(Virgilio, Desjardins, L'Esperance, & Favis, 2009), e)two-phase contact morphology(Zhang, Ravati, Virgilio, & Favis, 2007), f) Spherulitic crystallization behavior of polymers(Feng & Kamal, 2005) g) gold nanoparticles and their incorporation into polymer matrices(Meli & Lennox, 2003) .............................................................................................................. 4 Figure 1-4. a), b) A model of the polyurethane foam made of interconnected rods, b) a model of interconnected macroporosity, c)ultra-porous structure with 99% porosity made of PDADMAC/BSA(Roy, Sarazin, & Favis, 2006) ............................ 4 Figure 1-5. MIT and Cambridge University scientists developed this tissue scaffold that could help repair knees and other joints. The top section, indicated by the green arrow, stimulates bone growth, while the lower half, marked by the orange arrow, stimulates cartilage growth(http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/cartilage- 0511.html) .................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 2-1. Electrical conductivity versus PANI content of polymer/PANI binary blends(Zilberman, et al., 2000d). ............................................................................... 20 Figure 2-2. Action of the diblock copolymer to reduce the pore size for 50/50 PLLA/PS blends at copolymer concentrations of (a) 2.5%, (b) 5%, (c) 8%, (d) 12%, (e) 15%, and (f) 20%. Copolymer concentration shown is based on the weight of polystyrene. The white bar indicates 1 micron(Sarazin & Favis, 2003). ................... 21
Page 1 and 2: © Sepehr Ravati, 2010. UNIVERSITÉ
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATED To my parents iii
Page 5 and 6: RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse présente, po
Page 7 and 8: devenir une structure hiérarchique
Page 9 and 10: ABSTRACT This thesis presents, for
Page 11 and 12: system can be increased from 10 -15
Page 13 and 14: CONDENSÉ EN FRANÇAIS Dans ce trav
Page 15 and 16: deuxième coquille de PS. Les phase
Page 17 and 18: structures à percolation multiple
Page 19 and 20: autre sous-type de morphologie dans
Page 21 and 22: TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.......
Page 23 and 24: xxiii 2.4.1.1.1 Charged Polymer Ads
Page 25 and 26: 5.3.4 Annealing Test ..............
Page 27: xxvii REFERENCES ..................
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2-12. SEM photomicrograph of
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2-34. Schematic view of diff
Page 35 and 36: Figure 4-8. SEM micrographs of vari
Page 37 and 38: Figure 5-6. a),b) Scanning electron
Page 39 and 40: and c) triangular concentration dia
Page 41 and 42: n number of moles p concentration o
Page 43 and 44: AFM atomic force microscopy LIST OF
Page 45 and 46: PS-co-PMMA copolymer of PS and PMMA
Page 47 and 48: 1.1 Introduction CHAPTER 1 - INTROD
Page 49 and 50: Figure 1-2. Human heart, longitudin
Page 51 and 52: One of the applications for porous
Page 53 and 54: On the other hand, a novel tri-cont
Page 55 and 56: 2.1 Polymer Blends CHAPTER 2 - LITE
Page 57 and 58: Based on Sterling’s approximation
Page 59 and 60: Antonoff’s rule (Equation 2-13) i
Page 61 and 62: 2.1.2.1 Binary Polymer Blends 2.1.2
Page 63 and 64: Some other studies(Everaert, Aerts,
Page 65 and 66: where the parameter z is dependent
Page 67 and 68: “compatibilization” was suggest
Page 69 and 70: a) λ BC A and B are matrices, b) C
Page 71 and 72: Reignier & Favis, 2000, 2003a; Reig
Page 73 and 74: measure the interfacial tension of
Page 75 and 76: a) b) Figure 2-6. Dependence of the
Page 77 and 78: Omonov et al. found double percolat
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2.1.2.2.3 Effect of Composition on
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a) b) C B A c) Figure 2-12. SEM pho
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In the case where PS is the matrix,
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Posthuma de Boer, 1999) (Kumin & Ch
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lattice, such as square lattice, wi
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magnetization, which is a function
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Polymers have long been thought of
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epoxy as a function of nanotube wei
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Figure 2-19. Approaching the percol
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Figure 2-21. Transmission electron
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Figure 2-22: Dependence of PE conti
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Figure 2-24. Plot of the total numb
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chain provides the conductive path
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2.3.1.2.1 Polyaniline One of the mo
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CoPA/LLDPE/PANI blend and a poor-qu
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Narkis and co-workers extended and
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Figure 2-31: Conductivity of PVDF/P
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organic thin films, a novel and str
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on the topic have been reported in
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succeeded in creating thin films wi
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Addition of salt to the solution of
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different from that of linear homop
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Figure 2-39. Macromolecule with a)
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polyanion such as hyaluronan (HA)(P
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2.4.1.1.7 Effect of Salt on Multila
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2.4.1.1.8 Overcompensation of the M
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important factors determining the g
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As shown in Figure 2-44, swelling a
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increasing the pH value due to a de
Page 137 and 138:
CHAPTER 3 - ORGANIZATION OF THE ART
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discussed above, HDPE, PS, PMMA, an
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CHAPTER 4 - LOW PERCOLATION THRESHO
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or model which predicts where the p
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concentration threshold for the ons
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chemical and weathering resistance,
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Table 4-1. Material Characteristics
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filled with blend pellets. To facil
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4.3.6 Conductivity Measurements DC
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experimentally in this research gro
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a) b) c) d) Figure 4-4. Schematic i
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microstructure of the quaternary bl
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a) b) c) d) Figure 4-6. SEM microgr
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a) b) PVDF PS PMMA c) d) e) HDPE PS
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Uniform layers of PS and PMMA situa
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the concentration of HDPE is increa
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a) b) c) e) Figure 4-11. SEM microg
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melt-processable and contains 25 wt
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One question that should be address
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Conductivity(S/cm) Ternary Blend 1,
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phase(PMMA), the concentration of P
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(6) Virgilio, N.; Desjardins, P.; L
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ONION MORPHOLOGY HDPE PVDF PS Contr
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work described above has focused on
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thermodynamic explanation to predic
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four-point probe increases continuo
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in the rheology tests were compress
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5.3.6 Layer-by-Layer Deposition The
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prepare a polymer blend structure w
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a) b) c) Figure 5-3. Scanning elect
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spontaneously self-assembled. After
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a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Figure 5-5.
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Since the ultra-low surface area va
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c) a) b) Figure 5-6. a),b) Scanning
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salt to a PSS polyelectrolyte solut
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A relationship between macropore si
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close together. It is interesting t
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Figure 5-9. Mass increase (%) indic
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In this work the conductance of the
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deposited PANI layers increases unt
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(52) Guo, H. F.; Packirisamy, S.; G
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6.2 Introduction It is well-known t
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modified version of Harkins theory(
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6.3 Experimental 6.3.1 Materials Co
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Complex voscosity (Pa.s) 1,0E+04 1,
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6.3.5.2 Focused Ion Beam (FIB) and
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a) c) b) d) e) f) PMMA PMMA HDPE HD
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y Harkins theory, PS will always si
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a) b) c) d) e) f) PS Figure 6-6. a)
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a) b) HDPE : black PS : grey PMMA :
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6.4.6 Continuity, Co-continuity, an
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c) V III II I VII I IV VI Figure 6-
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Continuity Scheme (a) Figure 6-10.
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Addition of a low concentration of
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Addition of small amounts of HDPE t
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icontinuous network with the HDPE.
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Three examples are shown in Figure
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(9) Mekhilef, N.; Verhoogt, H. Poly
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structures are formed due to the co
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS In t
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REFERENCES A. K. Gupta, K. R. S. (1
Page 259 and 260:
Caruso, F. (2003). Hollow Inorganic
Page 261 and 262:
Domenech, S. C., Bortoluzzi, J. H.,
Page 263 and 264:
Geuskens, G., Gielens, J. L., Geshe
Page 265 and 266:
Hou, S., Harrell, C. C., Trofin, L.
Page 267 and 268:
Krass, H., Papastavrou, G., & Kurth
Page 269 and 270:
Macdiarmid, A. G., Jin-Chih, C., Ha
Page 271 and 272:
Niziol, J., & Laska, J. (1999). Con
Page 273 and 274:
Reghu, M., Yoon, C. O., Yang, C. Y.
Page 275 and 276:
Shirakawa, H., Louis, E. L., MacDia
Page 277 and 278:
Utracki, L. A. (1991). On the visco
Page 279 and 280:
Yasuda, K., Armstrong, R., & Cohen,
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literature has examined factors inf
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(Reignier & Favis, 2000, 2003a; Rei
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Table A-1.2. Interfacial tensions a
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acquisition of images with a very h
Page 289 and 290:
Table A-1.3. Continuity of the PMMA
Page 291 and 292:
(17) Reignier, J.; Favis, B. D., Ma
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PANI. Theoretically, the extent of
Page 295 and 296:
Equation A-2.7 0( ) 0 1. 5 σ = σ
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Cumulative Mass × 10 5 (g) dipping
Page 299 and 300:
of PANI, and an increase in the con
Page 301 and 302:
Resistance(ohm) 1.0E+12 1.0E+11 1.0
Page 303 and 304:
esistance value. Samples containing
Page 305 and 306:
The results of resistance for PS/PE
Page 307 and 308:
Caruso, F., & Schuler, C. (2000). E
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