a) b - École Polytechnique de Montréal

More documents

Recommendations

Info

less etched than HDPE which is less etched than PS(Virgilio, Favis, Pepin, Desjardins, & L'Esperance, 2005a). The positive spreading coefficient of PS over PMMA (λPS/PMMA) with a value of 2.6 mN/m predicts the <strong>de</strong>velopment of a thermodynamically stable PS layer between the PE and PMMA phases and is a direct result of the very high interfacial tension of PMMA and HDPE(γHDPE/PMMA = 8.4 mN/m). a) PS HDPE PE PS PMMA PMMA PMMA Distance (µm) PS PE b) Figure 4-3. a) FIB-AFM image of the composite-droplet morphology of 30/10/60 HDPE/PS/PMMA showing PS as a layer separating HDPE and PMMA. Scan size is 5μm×5μm. The bar to the right of the FIB/AFM micrograph indicates the colours associated with the topographical height in nm. The white line in the image indicates the section analyzed below, and b) SEM micrograph of a 45/10/45 HDPE/PVDF/PANI blend after extraction of the PVDF phase by DMF. The voids show that PVDF was present as a layer separating HDPE and PANI. Table 4-2 represents the surface tension and polarity of the various polymers being used in the harmonic mean equation(Wu, 1982) for interfacial tension. Table 4-3 shows a range of interfacial tension values of polymer pairs, including PANI with other polymers, estimated using the harmonic mean equation. A number of these interfacial tensions were also measured 108
experimentally in this research group and they show a good correlation with the harmonic mean data(Table 4-3). Table 4-2. Surface Tension, Polar Contribution, Dispersive Contribution, Polarity, and Rate of Surface Tension per Temperature for Homopolymers Polymers γ(mN/m) at 20°C γ(mN/m) at 200°C γ p /(mN/m) at 200°C γ d (mN/m) at 200°C Polarity, X p (-dγ/dT) (mN/m-<strong>de</strong>g) HDPE a 35.7 25.4 0 25.4 0 0.057 PS a 40.7 27.7 4.6 23.1 0.167 0.072 PMMA a 41.1 27.4 7.7 19.7 0.28 0.076 PVDF b 33.2 22.9 8.7 14.2 0.376 0.057 PANI c 55.6 40.3 24.6 15.7 0.612 0.085 a From ref. (Wu, 1982), b From ref. (Baradie & Shoichet, 2003), c Measured by contact angle method Table 4-3. Theoretical and Experimental Interfacial Tension for Polymer Pairs Theoretical data(Harmonic mean equation) γ (mN/m) Experimental dataγ (mN/m) PS/HDPE 4.7 PMMA/HDPE 8.4 PS/HDPE a 5.1 PMMA/PS 1. 1 PANI/HDPE 26.9 PMMA/PS a 2.4 PVDF/HDPE 11.9 PVDF/PMMA 1 PMMA/HDPE b 8.5 PVDF/PS 3.4 PVDF/PANI 7.7 PANI/PMMA 9.3 PANI/PS 15.1 a From ref. (Reignier & Favis, 2000), b Measured by breaking thread method 109
Page 1 and 2:
© Sepehr Ravati, 2010. UNIVERSITÉ
Page 3 and 4:
DEDICATED To my parents iii
Page 5 and 6:
RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse présente, po
Page 7 and 8:
devenir une structure hiérarchique
Page 9 and 10:
ABSTRACT This thesis presents, for
Page 11 and 12:
system can be increased from 10 -15
Page 13 and 14:
CONDENSÉ EN FRANÇAIS Dans ce trav
Page 15 and 16:
deuxième coquille de PS. Les phase
Page 17 and 18:
structures à percolation multiple
Page 19 and 20:
autre sous-type de morphologie dans
Page 21 and 22:
TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.......
Page 23 and 24:
xxiii 2.4.1.1.1 Charged Polymer Ads
Page 25 and 26:
5.3.4 Annealing Test ..............
Page 27 and 28:
xxvii REFERENCES ..................
Page 29 and 30:
LIST OF FIGURES xxix Figure 1-1. a)
Page 31 and 32:
Figure 2-12. SEM photomicrograph of
Page 33 and 34:
Figure 2-34. Schematic view of diff
Page 35 and 36:
Figure 4-8. SEM micrographs of vari
Page 37 and 38:
Figure 5-6. a),b) Scanning electron
Page 39 and 40:
and c) triangular concentration dia
Page 41 and 42:
n number of moles p concentration o
Page 43 and 44:
AFM atomic force microscopy LIST OF
Page 45 and 46:
PS-co-PMMA copolymer of PS and PMMA
Page 47 and 48:
1.1 Introduction CHAPTER 1 - INTROD
Page 49 and 50:
Figure 1-2. Human heart, longitudin
Page 51 and 52:
One of the applications for porous
Page 53 and 54:
On the other hand, a novel tri-cont
Page 55 and 56:
2.1 Polymer Blends CHAPTER 2 - LITE
Page 57 and 58:
Based on Sterling’s approximation
Page 59 and 60:
Antonoff’s rule (Equation 2-13) i
Page 61 and 62:
2.1.2.1 Binary Polymer Blends 2.1.2
Page 63 and 64:
Some other studies(Everaert, Aerts,
Page 65 and 66:
where the parameter z is dependent
Page 67 and 68:
“compatibilization” was suggest
Page 69 and 70:
a) λ BC A and B are matrices, b) C
Page 71 and 72:
Reignier & Favis, 2000, 2003a; Reig
Page 73 and 74:
measure the interfacial tension of
Page 75 and 76:
a) b) Figure 2-6. Dependence of the
Page 77 and 78:
Omonov et al. found double percolat
Page 79 and 80:
2.1.2.2.3 Effect of Composition on
Page 81 and 82:
a) b) C B A c) Figure 2-12. SEM pho
Page 83 and 84:
In the case where PS is the matrix,
Page 85 and 86:
Posthuma de Boer, 1999) (Kumin & Ch
Page 87 and 88:
lattice, such as square lattice, wi
Page 89 and 90:
magnetization, which is a function
Page 91 and 92:
Polymers have long been thought of
Page 93 and 94:
epoxy as a function of nanotube wei
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 2-19. Approaching the percol
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 2-21. Transmission electron
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 2-22: Dependence of PE conti
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 2-24. Plot of the total numb
Page 103 and 104: chain provides the conductive path
Page 105 and 106: 2.3.1.2.1 Polyaniline One of the mo
Page 107 and 108: CoPA/LLDPE/PANI blend and a poor-qu
Page 109 and 110: Narkis and co-workers extended and
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2-31: Conductivity of PVDF/P
Page 113 and 114: organic thin films, a novel and str
Page 115 and 116: on the topic have been reported in
Page 117 and 118: succeeded in creating thin films wi
Page 119 and 120: Addition of salt to the solution of
Page 121 and 122: different from that of linear homop
Page 123 and 124: Figure 2-39. Macromolecule with a)
Page 125 and 126: polyanion such as hyaluronan (HA)(P
Page 127 and 128: 2.4.1.1.7 Effect of Salt on Multila
Page 129 and 130: 2.4.1.1.8 Overcompensation of the M
Page 131 and 132: important factors determining the g
Page 133 and 134: As shown in Figure 2-44, swelling a
Page 135 and 136: increasing the pH value due to a de
Page 137 and 138: CHAPTER 3 - ORGANIZATION OF THE ART
Page 139 and 140: discussed above, HDPE, PS, PMMA, an
Page 141 and 142: CHAPTER 4 - LOW PERCOLATION THRESHO
Page 143 and 144: or model which predicts where the p
Page 145 and 146: concentration threshold for the ons
Page 147 and 148: chemical and weathering resistance,
Page 149 and 150: Table 4-1. Material Characteristics
Page 151 and 152: filled with blend pellets. To facil
Page 153: 4.3.6 Conductivity Measurements DC
Page 157 and 158: a) b) c) d) Figure 4-4. Schematic i
Page 159 and 160: microstructure of the quaternary bl
Page 161 and 162: a) b) c) d) Figure 4-6. SEM microgr
Page 163 and 164: a) b) PVDF PS PMMA c) d) e) HDPE PS
Page 165 and 166: Uniform layers of PS and PMMA situa
Page 167 and 168: the concentration of HDPE is increa
Page 169 and 170: a) b) c) e) Figure 4-11. SEM microg
Page 171 and 172: melt-processable and contains 25 wt
Page 173 and 174: One question that should be address
Page 175 and 176: Conductivity(S/cm) Ternary Blend 1,
Page 177 and 178: phase(PMMA), the concentration of P
Page 179 and 180: (6) Virgilio, N.; Desjardins, P.; L
Page 181 and 182: ONION MORPHOLOGY HDPE PVDF PS Contr
Page 183 and 184: work described above has focused on
Page 185 and 186: thermodynamic explanation to predic
Page 187 and 188: four-point probe increases continuo
Page 189 and 190: in the rheology tests were compress
Page 191 and 192: 5.3.6 Layer-by-Layer Deposition The
Page 193 and 194: prepare a polymer blend structure w
Page 195 and 196: a) b) c) Figure 5-3. Scanning elect
Page 197 and 198: spontaneously self-assembled. After
Page 199 and 200: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Figure 5-5.
Page 201 and 202: Since the ultra-low surface area va
Page 203 and 204: c) a) b) Figure 5-6. a),b) Scanning
Page 205 and 206:
salt to a PSS polyelectrolyte solut
Page 207 and 208:
A relationship between macropore si
Page 209 and 210:
close together. It is interesting t
Page 211 and 212:
Figure 5-9. Mass increase (%) indic
Page 213 and 214:
In this work the conductance of the
Page 215 and 216:
deposited PANI layers increases unt
Page 217 and 218:
(52) Guo, H. F.; Packirisamy, S.; G
Page 219 and 220:
6.2 Introduction It is well-known t
Page 221 and 222:
modified version of Harkins theory(
Page 223 and 224:
6.3 Experimental 6.3.1 Materials Co
Page 225 and 226:
Complex voscosity (Pa.s) 1,0E+04 1,
Page 227 and 228:
6.3.5.2 Focused Ion Beam (FIB) and
Page 229 and 230:
a) c) b) d) e) f) PMMA PMMA HDPE HD
Page 231 and 232:
y Harkins theory, PS will always si
Page 233 and 234:
a) b) c) d) e) f) PS Figure 6-6. a)
Page 235 and 236:
a) b) HDPE : black PS : grey PMMA :
Page 237 and 238:
6.4.6 Continuity, Co-continuity, an
Page 239 and 240:
c) V III II I VII I IV VI Figure 6-
Page 241 and 242:
Continuity Scheme (a) Figure 6-10.
Page 243 and 244:
Addition of a low concentration of
Page 245 and 246:
Addition of small amounts of HDPE t
Page 247 and 248:
icontinuous network with the HDPE.
Page 249 and 250:
Three examples are shown in Figure
Page 251 and 252:
(9) Mekhilef, N.; Verhoogt, H. Poly
Page 253 and 254:
structures are formed due to the co
Page 255 and 256:
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS In t
Page 257 and 258:
REFERENCES A. K. Gupta, K. R. S. (1
Page 259 and 260:
Caruso, F. (2003). Hollow Inorganic
Page 261 and 262:
Domenech, S. C., Bortoluzzi, J. H.,
Page 263 and 264:
Geuskens, G., Gielens, J. L., Geshe
Page 265 and 266:
Hou, S., Harrell, C. C., Trofin, L.
Page 267 and 268:
Krass, H., Papastavrou, G., & Kurth
Page 269 and 270:
Macdiarmid, A. G., Jin-Chih, C., Ha
Page 271 and 272:
Niziol, J., & Laska, J. (1999). Con
Page 273 and 274:
Reghu, M., Yoon, C. O., Yang, C. Y.
Page 275 and 276:
Shirakawa, H., Louis, E. L., MacDia
Page 277 and 278:
Utracki, L. A. (1991). On the visco
Page 279 and 280:
Yasuda, K., Armstrong, R., & Cohen,
Page 281 and 282:
literature has examined factors inf
Page 283 and 284:
(Reignier & Favis, 2000, 2003a; Rei
Page 285 and 286:
Table A-1.2. Interfacial tensions a
Page 287 and 288:
acquisition of images with a very h
Page 289 and 290:
Table A-1.3. Continuity of the PMMA
Page 291 and 292:
(17) Reignier, J.; Favis, B. D., Ma
Page 293 and 294:
PANI. Theoretically, the extent of
Page 295 and 296:
Equation A-2.7 0( ) 0 1. 5 σ = σ
Page 297 and 298:
Cumulative Mass × 10 5 (g) dipping
Page 299 and 300:
of PANI, and an increase in the con
Page 301 and 302:
Resistance(ohm) 1.0E+12 1.0E+11 1.0
Page 303 and 304:
esistance value. Samples containing
Page 305 and 306:
The results of resistance for PS/PE
Page 307 and 308:
Caruso, F., & Schuler, C. (2000). E
show all

a) b - École Polytechnique de Montréal

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?