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matrix/two separate dispersed phases morphologies. The phases in these sub-morphologies are identified and illustrated qualitatively by electron microscopy as well as a technique based on the combination of focused ion beam irradiation and atomic force microscopy. Both qualitative and quantitative data are shown in triangular compositional diagrams to distinguish these various morphological regions and the results are interpreted in light of the interfacial tension of the various binary combinations and their subsequent spreading coefficients. Solvent extraction/gravimetry is used as quantitative experiment to confirm the morphological observations and to examine the extent of continuity of the systems so as to effectively identify regions of high continuity. It is shown that the viscosity of the phases can have a significant influence on the interfacial area generated between the phases in the blend system, but does not effect the classification or type of morphological state which appears to be governed solely by spreading theory. 6.6 Acknowledgement The authors express appreciation to the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada for supporting this work. 6.7 References (1) Paul, D.; Newman, S. Polymer Blends; Academic Press: New York, 1978; Vol. 1, 2. (2) Utracki, L. A. Commercial Polymer Blends Springer - Verlag, 1998. (3) Favis, B. D. In Polymer Blends: Formulation and Performance, Two-Volume Set; Paul, D. R., Bucknall, C. B., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc: New York, 2000; Vol. 1, p 239. (4) Potschke, P.; Paul, D. R. Journal of Macromolecular Science - Polymer Reviews 2003, 43, 87. (5) Molau, G. E.; Keskkula, H. Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 1966, 4, 1595. (6) Reignier, J.; Favis, B. D. Macromolecules 2000, 33, 6998. (7) Scher, H.; Zallen, R. The Journal of Chemical Physics 1970, 53, 3759. (8) Jordhamo, G. M.; Manson, J. A.; Sperling, L. H. Polymer Engineering and Science 1986, 26, 517. 204
(9) Mekhilef, N.; Verhoogt, H. Polymer 1996, 37, 4069. (10) Reignier, J.; Favis, B. D.; Heuzey, M.-C. Polymer 2003, 44, 49. (11) Zhang, J.; Ravati, S.; Virgilio, N.; Favis, B. D. Macromolecules 2007, 40, 8817. (12) Torza, S.; Mason, S. G. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 1970, 33, 67. (13) Virgilio, N.; Marc-Aurele, C.; Favis, B. D. Macromolecules 2009, 42, 3405. (14) Harkins, W. D.; Feldman, A. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1922, 44, 2665. (15) Torza, S.; Mason, S. G. J. Coll. Interface Sci. 1970, 33, 67. (16) Hobbs, S. Y.; Dekkers, M. E. J.; Watkins, V. H. Polymer 1988, 29, 1598. (17) Guo, H. F.; Gvozdic, N. V.; Meier, D. J. Polymer 1997, 38, 4915. (18) Guo, H. F.; Packirisamy, S.; Gvozdic, N. V.; Meier, D. J. Polymer 1997, 38, 785. (19) A. K. Gupta, K. R. S. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1993, 47, 167. (20) Nemirovski, N.; Siegmann, A.; Narkis, M. Journal of Macromolecular Science - Physics 1995, B34, 459. (21) Luzinov, I.; Pagnoulle, C.; Jerome, R. Polymer 2000, 41, 7099. (22) Tchomakov, K. P.; Favis, B. D.; Huneault, M. A.; Champagne, M. F.; Tofan, F. Polymer Engineering and Science 2004, 44, 749. (23) Vanoene, H. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 1972, 40, 448. (24) Legros, A.; Carreau, P. J.; Favis, B. D.; Michel, A. Polymer 1997, 38, 5085. (25) Virgilio, N.; Favis, B. D.; Pepin, M.-F.; Desjardins, P.; L'Esperance, G. Macromolecules 2005, 38, 2368. (26) Reignier, J.; Favis, B. D. Polymer 2003, 44, 5061. (27) Reignier, J.; Favis, B. D. AIChE Journal 2003, 49, 1014. (28) Favis, B. D. In Polymer Blends: Formulation and Performance; Paul, D. R., Bucknall, C. B., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: John Wiley & Sons, 2000; Vol. I, p 239. 205
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© Sepehr Ravati, 2010. UNIVERSITÉ
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DEDICATED To my parents iii
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RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse présente, po
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devenir une structure hiérarchique
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ABSTRACT This thesis presents, for
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system can be increased from 10 -15
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CONDENSÉ EN FRANÇAIS Dans ce trav
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deuxième coquille de PS. Les phase
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structures à percolation multiple
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autre sous-type de morphologie dans
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.......
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xxiii 2.4.1.1.1 Charged Polymer Ads
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5.3.4 Annealing Test ..............
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xxvii REFERENCES ..................
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LIST OF FIGURES xxix Figure 1-1. a)
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Figure 2-12. SEM photomicrograph of
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Figure 2-34. Schematic view of diff
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Figure 4-8. SEM micrographs of vari
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Figure 5-6. a),b) Scanning electron
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and c) triangular concentration dia
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n number of moles p concentration o
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AFM atomic force microscopy LIST OF
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PS-co-PMMA copolymer of PS and PMMA
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1.1 Introduction CHAPTER 1 - INTROD
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Figure 1-2. Human heart, longitudin
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One of the applications for porous
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On the other hand, a novel tri-cont
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2.1 Polymer Blends CHAPTER 2 - LITE
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Based on Sterling’s approximation
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Antonoff’s rule (Equation 2-13) i
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2.1.2.1 Binary Polymer Blends 2.1.2
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Some other studies(Everaert, Aerts,
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where the parameter z is dependent
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“compatibilization” was suggest
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a) λ BC A and B are matrices, b) C
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Reignier & Favis, 2000, 2003a; Reig
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measure the interfacial tension of
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a) b) Figure 2-6. Dependence of the
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Omonov et al. found double percolat
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2.1.2.2.3 Effect of Composition on
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a) b) C B A c) Figure 2-12. SEM pho
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In the case where PS is the matrix,
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Posthuma de Boer, 1999) (Kumin & Ch
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lattice, such as square lattice, wi
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magnetization, which is a function
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Polymers have long been thought of
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epoxy as a function of nanotube wei
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Figure 2-19. Approaching the percol
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Figure 2-21. Transmission electron
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Figure 2-22: Dependence of PE conti
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Figure 2-24. Plot of the total numb
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chain provides the conductive path
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2.3.1.2.1 Polyaniline One of the mo
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CoPA/LLDPE/PANI blend and a poor-qu
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Narkis and co-workers extended and
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Figure 2-31: Conductivity of PVDF/P
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organic thin films, a novel and str
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on the topic have been reported in
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succeeded in creating thin films wi
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Addition of salt to the solution of
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different from that of linear homop
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Figure 2-39. Macromolecule with a)
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polyanion such as hyaluronan (HA)(P
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2.4.1.1.7 Effect of Salt on Multila
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2.4.1.1.8 Overcompensation of the M
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important factors determining the g
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As shown in Figure 2-44, swelling a
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increasing the pH value due to a de
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CHAPTER 3 - ORGANIZATION OF THE ART
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discussed above, HDPE, PS, PMMA, an
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CHAPTER 4 - LOW PERCOLATION THRESHO
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or model which predicts where the p
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concentration threshold for the ons
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chemical and weathering resistance,
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Table 4-1. Material Characteristics
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filled with blend pellets. To facil
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4.3.6 Conductivity Measurements DC
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experimentally in this research gro
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a) b) c) d) Figure 4-4. Schematic i
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microstructure of the quaternary bl
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a) b) c) d) Figure 4-6. SEM microgr
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a) b) PVDF PS PMMA c) d) e) HDPE PS
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Uniform layers of PS and PMMA situa
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the concentration of HDPE is increa
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a) b) c) e) Figure 4-11. SEM microg
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melt-processable and contains 25 wt
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One question that should be address
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Conductivity(S/cm) Ternary Blend 1,
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phase(PMMA), the concentration of P
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(6) Virgilio, N.; Desjardins, P.; L
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ONION MORPHOLOGY HDPE PVDF PS Contr
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work described above has focused on
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thermodynamic explanation to predic
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four-point probe increases continuo
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in the rheology tests were compress
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5.3.6 Layer-by-Layer Deposition The
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prepare a polymer blend structure w
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a) b) c) Figure 5-3. Scanning elect
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spontaneously self-assembled. After
Page 199 and 200: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Figure 5-5.
Page 201 and 202: Since the ultra-low surface area va
Page 203 and 204: c) a) b) Figure 5-6. a),b) Scanning
Page 205 and 206: salt to a PSS polyelectrolyte solut
Page 207 and 208: A relationship between macropore si
Page 209 and 210: close together. It is interesting t
Page 211 and 212: Figure 5-9. Mass increase (%) indic
Page 213 and 214: In this work the conductance of the
Page 215 and 216: deposited PANI layers increases unt
Page 217 and 218: (52) Guo, H. F.; Packirisamy, S.; G
Page 219 and 220: 6.2 Introduction It is well-known t
Page 221 and 222: modified version of Harkins theory(
Page 223 and 224: 6.3 Experimental 6.3.1 Materials Co
Page 225 and 226: Complex voscosity (Pa.s) 1,0E+04 1,
Page 227 and 228: 6.3.5.2 Focused Ion Beam (FIB) and
Page 229 and 230: a) c) b) d) e) f) PMMA PMMA HDPE HD
Page 231 and 232: y Harkins theory, PS will always si
Page 233 and 234: a) b) c) d) e) f) PS Figure 6-6. a)
Page 235 and 236: a) b) HDPE : black PS : grey PMMA :
Page 237 and 238: 6.4.6 Continuity, Co-continuity, an
Page 239 and 240: c) V III II I VII I IV VI Figure 6-
Page 241 and 242: Continuity Scheme (a) Figure 6-10.
Page 243 and 244: Addition of a low concentration of
Page 245 and 246: Addition of small amounts of HDPE t
Page 247 and 248: icontinuous network with the HDPE.
Page 249: Three examples are shown in Figure
Page 253 and 254: structures are formed due to the co
Page 255 and 256: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS In t
Page 257 and 258: REFERENCES A. K. Gupta, K. R. S. (1
Page 259 and 260: Caruso, F. (2003). Hollow Inorganic
Page 261 and 262: Domenech, S. C., Bortoluzzi, J. H.,
Page 263 and 264: Geuskens, G., Gielens, J. L., Geshe
Page 265 and 266: Hou, S., Harrell, C. C., Trofin, L.
Page 267 and 268: Krass, H., Papastavrou, G., & Kurth
Page 269 and 270: Macdiarmid, A. G., Jin-Chih, C., Ha
Page 271 and 272: Niziol, J., & Laska, J. (1999). Con
Page 273 and 274: Reghu, M., Yoon, C. O., Yang, C. Y.
Page 275 and 276: Shirakawa, H., Louis, E. L., MacDia
Page 277 and 278: Utracki, L. A. (1991). On the visco
Page 279 and 280: Yasuda, K., Armstrong, R., & Cohen,
Page 281 and 282: literature has examined factors inf
Page 283 and 284: (Reignier & Favis, 2000, 2003a; Rei
Page 285 and 286: Table A-1.2. Interfacial tensions a
Page 287 and 288: acquisition of images with a very h
Page 289 and 290: Table A-1.3. Continuity of the PMMA
Page 291 and 292: (17) Reignier, J.; Favis, B. D., Ma
Page 293 and 294: PANI. Theoretically, the extent of
Page 295 and 296: Equation A-2.7 0( ) 0 1. 5 σ = σ
Page 297 and 298: Cumulative Mass × 10 5 (g) dipping
Page 299 and 300: of PANI, and an increase in the con
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Resistance(ohm) 1.0E+12 1.0E+11 1.0
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esistance value. Samples containing
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The results of resistance for PS/PE
Page 307 and 308:
Caruso, F., & Schuler, C. (2000). E
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