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Figure 4-1. Schematic representation of (a) the complete wetting case where phase B xxxiv spreads between, and fully separates, phases A and C and (b) the partial wetting case all phases are in contact with each other ............................................................ 97 Figure 4-2. Complex viscosity as a function of frequency at 190ºC for the homopolymers. The complex viscosity of PANI is at 180ºC. ........................................................... 104 Figure 4-3. a) FIB-AFM image of the composite-droplet morphology of 30/10/60 HDPE/PS/PMMA showing PS as a layer separating HDPE and PMMA. Scan size is 5μm×5μm. The bar to the right of the FIB/AFM micrograph indicates the colours associated with the topographical height in nm. The white line in the image indicates the section analyzed below, and b) SEM micrograph of a 45/10/45 HDPE/PVDF/PANI blend after extraction of the PVDF phase by DMF. The voids show that PVDF was present as a layer separating HDPE and PANI. ....................................................................................................................... 108 Figure 4-4. Schematic illustration of various encapsulated structures, a) dispersed phase B in matrix A, b) core-shell morphology B/C in matrix A, c) quaternary onion morphology B/C/D in matrix A, and d) quinary onion morphology B/C/D/E in matrix A. .................................................................................................................. 111 Figure 4-5. SEM micrograph of a) matrix-droplet morphology of 80/20 PMMA/PS, b) PVDF core-PMMA shell morphology in an HDPE matrix for 60/20/20 HDPE/PMMA/PVDF (PMMA extracted), and c) onion morphology in an HDPE matrix for 60/13/13/13 HDPE/PS/PMMA/PVDF (PMMA extracted) ........ 113 Figure 4-6. SEM micrographs of 50/10/20/10/10 HDPE/PMMA/PS/PVDF/PANI after extraction of (a) all phases except HDPE, (b) PS by cyclohexane (c) PMMA by acetic acid, and (d) PS and PMMA by combining cyclohexane and acetic acid ..... 115 Figure 4-7. SEM micrographs and schematics of HDPE/PS/PMMA/PVDF after extraction of PMMA by acetic acid for a) and b) onion morphology in an HDPE matrix for 60/13/13/13, c) and d) more elongated morphology of 50/17/17/17, and e) triplepercolated morphology of 30/15/15/40 (microtomed surface). The voids show that PMMA is present as a layer separating PS and PVDF. .................................... 117
Figure 4-8. SEM micrographs of various quaternary HDPE/PS/PMMA/PVDF blends after xxxv microtoming and extraction of the PMMA phase; (a) 10/15/15/60, (b) 20/15/15/50, (c) 30/15/15/40, (d) 40/15/15/30, (e) 50/15/15/20, (f) 60/15/15/10. .. 118 Figure 4-9. Continuity level of PS, PMMA, and PS+PMMA obtained by solvent extraction/gravimetry for 6 blends comprised of HDPE/PS/PMMA/PVDF; (a) 10/15/15/60, (b) 20/15/15/50, (c) 30/15/15/40, (d) 40/15/15/30, (e) 50/15/15/20, (f) 60/15/15/10. ........................................................................................................ 120 Figure 4-10. SEM micrographs of the multi-percolated 30/15/15/30/10 blend comprised of HDPE/PS/PMMA/PVDF/PANI after extraction of (a) all phases except HDPE, (b) PMMA by acetic acid (c) PS by cyclohexane, (d) PS and PMMA by combining cyclohexane and acetic acid, and (e) PANI by chromic acid ................ 122 Figure 4-11. SEM micrographs of a), b) continuous PANI network of quaternary 25/25/25/25 PS/PMMA/PVDF/PANI blend after extraction of all phases by DMF followed by a freeze drying process, and c, d, e) continuous PANI network <strong>de</strong>rived from a 15/20/15/25/25 PS/PS-co-PMMA/PMMA/PVDF/PANI blend after extraction of all phases by DMF followed by freeze drying process. The thickness of the PANI network walls are shown in Figure 4-11e. ........................... 123 Figure 4-12. a) Schematic representation of quinary multi-percolated morphology, the yellow phase is PANI, the blue phase is HDPE, and all other phases are located between them, b) schematic of a PANI network obtained after removal of all phases except PANI, and c) a 3D image constructed from 2D SEM images of the interconnected PANI network in the quinary 15/20/15/25/25 PS/PS-co- PMMA/PMMA/PVDF/PANI blend after extraction of all other phases. ................ 124 Figure 4-13. SEM micrograph of a) 30/30/30/10 PMMA/PS/PVDF/PANI blend after extraction of PS and PMMA, b) 20/20/20/30/10 PS/PS-co- PMMA/PMMA/PVDF/PANI after extraction of PS and PMMA, c) 30/30/30/10 PMMA/PS/PVDF/PANI blend after extraction of PANI by chromic acid, and d) 20/20/20/30/10 PS/PS-co-PMMA/PMMA/PVDF/PANI after extraction of PANI by chromic acid ........................................................................................................ 126
Page 1 and 2: © Sepehr Ravati, 2010. UNIVERSITÉ
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATED To my parents iii
Page 5 and 6: RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse présente, po
Page 7 and 8: devenir une structure hiérarchique
Page 9 and 10: ABSTRACT This thesis presents, for
Page 11 and 12: system can be increased from 10 -15
Page 13 and 14: CONDENSÉ EN FRANÇAIS Dans ce trav
Page 15 and 16: deuxième coquille de PS. Les phase
Page 17 and 18: structures à percolation multiple
Page 19 and 20: autre sous-type de morphologie dans
Page 21 and 22: TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.......
Page 23 and 24: xxiii 2.4.1.1.1 Charged Polymer Ads
Page 25 and 26: 5.3.4 Annealing Test ..............
Page 27 and 28: xxvii REFERENCES ..................
Page 29 and 30: LIST OF FIGURES xxix Figure 1-1. a)
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2-12. SEM photomicrograph of
Page 33: Figure 2-34. Schematic view of diff
Page 37 and 38: Figure 5-6. a),b) Scanning electron
Page 39 and 40: and c) triangular concentration dia
Page 41 and 42: n number of moles p concentration o
Page 43 and 44: AFM atomic force microscopy LIST OF
Page 45 and 46: PS-co-PMMA copolymer of PS and PMMA
Page 47 and 48: 1.1 Introduction CHAPTER 1 - INTROD
Page 49 and 50: Figure 1-2. Human heart, longitudin
Page 51 and 52: One of the applications for porous
Page 53 and 54: On the other hand, a novel tri-cont
Page 55 and 56: 2.1 Polymer Blends CHAPTER 2 - LITE
Page 57 and 58: Based on Sterling’s approximation
Page 59 and 60: Antonoff’s rule (Equation 2-13) i
Page 61 and 62: 2.1.2.1 Binary Polymer Blends 2.1.2
Page 63 and 64: Some other studies(Everaert, Aerts,
Page 65 and 66: where the parameter z is dependent
Page 67 and 68: “compatibilization” was suggest
Page 69 and 70: a) λ BC A and B are matrices, b) C
Page 71 and 72: Reignier & Favis, 2000, 2003a; Reig
Page 73 and 74: measure the interfacial tension of
Page 75 and 76: a) b) Figure 2-6. Dependence of the
Page 77 and 78: Omonov et al. found double percolat
Page 79 and 80: 2.1.2.2.3 Effect of Composition on
Page 81 and 82: a) b) C B A c) Figure 2-12. SEM pho
Page 83 and 84: In the case where PS is the matrix,
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Posthuma de Boer, 1999) (Kumin & Ch
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lattice, such as square lattice, wi
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magnetization, which is a function
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Polymers have long been thought of
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epoxy as a function of nanotube wei
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Figure 2-19. Approaching the percol
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Figure 2-21. Transmission electron
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Figure 2-22: Dependence of PE conti
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Figure 2-24. Plot of the total numb
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chain provides the conductive path
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2.3.1.2.1 Polyaniline One of the mo
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CoPA/LLDPE/PANI blend and a poor-qu
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Narkis and co-workers extended and
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Figure 2-31: Conductivity of PVDF/P
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organic thin films, a novel and str
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on the topic have been reported in
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succeeded in creating thin films wi
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Addition of salt to the solution of
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different from that of linear homop
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Figure 2-39. Macromolecule with a)
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polyanion such as hyaluronan (HA)(P
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2.4.1.1.7 Effect of Salt on Multila
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2.4.1.1.8 Overcompensation of the M
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important factors determining the g
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As shown in Figure 2-44, swelling a
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increasing the pH value due to a de
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CHAPTER 3 - ORGANIZATION OF THE ART
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discussed above, HDPE, PS, PMMA, an
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CHAPTER 4 - LOW PERCOLATION THRESHO
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or model which predicts where the p
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concentration threshold for the ons
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chemical and weathering resistance,
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Table 4-1. Material Characteristics
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filled with blend pellets. To facil
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4.3.6 Conductivity Measurements DC
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experimentally in this research gro
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a) b) c) d) Figure 4-4. Schematic i
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microstructure of the quaternary bl
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a) b) c) d) Figure 4-6. SEM microgr
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a) b) PVDF PS PMMA c) d) e) HDPE PS
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Uniform layers of PS and PMMA situa
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the concentration of HDPE is increa
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a) b) c) e) Figure 4-11. SEM microg
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melt-processable and contains 25 wt
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One question that should be address
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Conductivity(S/cm) Ternary Blend 1,
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phase(PMMA), the concentration of P
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(6) Virgilio, N.; Desjardins, P.; L
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ONION MORPHOLOGY HDPE PVDF PS Contr
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work described above has focused on
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thermodynamic explanation to predic
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four-point probe increases continuo
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in the rheology tests were compress
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5.3.6 Layer-by-Layer Deposition The
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prepare a polymer blend structure w
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a) b) c) Figure 5-3. Scanning elect
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spontaneously self-assembled. After
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a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Figure 5-5.
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Since the ultra-low surface area va
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c) a) b) Figure 5-6. a),b) Scanning
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salt to a PSS polyelectrolyte solut
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A relationship between macropore si
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close together. It is interesting t
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Figure 5-9. Mass increase (%) indic
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In this work the conductance of the
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deposited PANI layers increases unt
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(52) Guo, H. F.; Packirisamy, S.; G
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6.2 Introduction It is well-known t
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modified version of Harkins theory(
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6.3 Experimental 6.3.1 Materials Co
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Complex voscosity (Pa.s) 1,0E+04 1,
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6.3.5.2 Focused Ion Beam (FIB) and
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a) c) b) d) e) f) PMMA PMMA HDPE HD
Page 231 and 232:
y Harkins theory, PS will always si
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a) b) c) d) e) f) PS Figure 6-6. a)
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a) b) HDPE : black PS : grey PMMA :
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6.4.6 Continuity, Co-continuity, an
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c) V III II I VII I IV VI Figure 6-
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Continuity Scheme (a) Figure 6-10.
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Addition of a low concentration of
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Addition of small amounts of HDPE t
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icontinuous network with the HDPE.
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Three examples are shown in Figure
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(9) Mekhilef, N.; Verhoogt, H. Poly
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structures are formed due to the co
Page 255 and 256:
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS In t
Page 257 and 258:
REFERENCES A. K. Gupta, K. R. S. (1
Page 259 and 260:
Caruso, F. (2003). Hollow Inorganic
Page 261 and 262:
Domenech, S. C., Bortoluzzi, J. H.,
Page 263 and 264:
Geuskens, G., Gielens, J. L., Geshe
Page 265 and 266:
Hou, S., Harrell, C. C., Trofin, L.
Page 267 and 268:
Krass, H., Papastavrou, G., & Kurth
Page 269 and 270:
Macdiarmid, A. G., Jin-Chih, C., Ha
Page 271 and 272:
Niziol, J., & Laska, J. (1999). Con
Page 273 and 274:
Reghu, M., Yoon, C. O., Yang, C. Y.
Page 275 and 276:
Shirakawa, H., Louis, E. L., MacDia
Page 277 and 278:
Utracki, L. A. (1991). On the visco
Page 279 and 280:
Yasuda, K., Armstrong, R., & Cohen,
Page 281 and 282:
literature has examined factors inf
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(Reignier & Favis, 2000, 2003a; Rei
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Table A-1.2. Interfacial tensions a
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acquisition of images with a very h
Page 289 and 290:
Table A-1.3. Continuity of the PMMA
Page 291 and 292:
(17) Reignier, J.; Favis, B. D., Ma
Page 293 and 294:
PANI. Theoretically, the extent of
Page 295 and 296:
Equation A-2.7 0( ) 0 1. 5 σ = σ
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Cumulative Mass × 10 5 (g) dipping
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of PANI, and an increase in the con
Page 301 and 302:
Resistance(ohm) 1.0E+12 1.0E+11 1.0
Page 303 and 304:
esistance value. Samples containing
Page 305 and 306:
The results of resistance for PS/PE
Page 307 and 308:
Caruso, F., & Schuler, C. (2000). E
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