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xxxviii morphology (type I), (d) FIB-AFM image of 40/20/40 HDPE/PS/PMMA showing tri-continuous morphology. Scan size is 25μm×25μm. The bar to the right of the FIB/AFM micrograph indicates the colours associated with the topographical height in nm, (e) schematic representation of tri-continuous(type II), (f) SEM micrograph of 30/30/40 HDPE/PS/PMMA after extraction of PS by cyclohexane, (g) schematic representation of matrix/two separate dispersed phases morphology, and (h) SEM micrograph of 10/80/10 HDPE/PS/PMMA microtomed. ............................................................................................................. 184 Figure 6-6. a) Schematic representations of bi-continuous/dispersed phase morphology with small droplets of white phase, b) FIB-AFM image of 50/40/10 HDPE/PS/PMMA showing bi-continuous/dispersed phase morphology with small droplets of PMMA. Scan size is 8μm×8μm, (c) FIB-AFM image of 50/25/25 HDPE/PS/PMMA showing bi-continuous/dispersed phase morphology with droplets of PMMA. Scan size is 4μm×4μm, d) schematic representations of bi-continuous-dispersed phase morphology with small droplets of black phase, e) FIB-AFM image of 10/30/60 HDPE/PS/PMMA showing bicontinuous/dispersed phase morphology with droplets of HDPE. Scan size is 11.7μm×11.7μm, and f) SEM micrograph of 10/30/60 HDPE/PS/PMMA after extraction of PS. Small droplets of HDPE are distributed in PS ............................. 187 Figure 6-7: Evolution of the morphology in a ternary A/B/C blend <strong>de</strong>monstrating complete wetting as a function of the concentration of phases B and C. Phase A concentration is held constant. ................................................................................. 188 Figure 6-8. a) Triangular concentration diagram showing the composition of the various ternary HDPE/PS/PMMA blends examined in this study, b) various morphological states for ternary HDPE/PS/PMMA, and c) triangular concentration diagram showing the various regions of in the morphological states for ternary HDPE/PS/PMMA ........................................................................ 190 Figure 6-9. Continuity diagrams for ternary HDPE/PS/PMMA blends. a) quantitative continuity level of PMMA (percolation threshold line is shown in black), b) quantitative continuity level of PS (percolation threshold line is shown in black),
and c) triangular concentration diagram showing the various regions of in the morphological states for ternary HDPE/PS/PMMA after correction with the PS xxxix and PMMA continuity data. ..................................................................................... 193 Figure 6-10. Triangular concentration diagram showing two pathways: Continuity Scheme (a), and Continuity Scheme (b). Scheme (a) is shown in Figure 6-11 and represents the case where the concentration of PMMA is kept constant at 40% of total while the concentration ratio of the PS and HDPE phases change. Scheme (b) is shown in Figure 6-12 where the concentration of PS is kept constant at 10% of total while the concentration ratio of PMMA and HDPE phases change. These two pathways were chosen since they pass through a range of different morphological states. ............................................................................................... 195 Figure 6-11. PS continuity and the corresponding morphology as a function of HDPE concentration following Scheme (a) from Figure 6-10. The PMMA phase concentration is held constant at 40% volume fraction in all samples. In the schematics, green is the PMMA phase, red is the PS phase and blue is the HDPE phase......................................................................................................................... 196 Figure 6-12. PS continuity and the corresponding morphology as a function of HDPE concentration following Scheme (b) from Figure 6-10. The PS phase concentration is held constant at 10% volume fraction in all samples. In the schematics, green is the PMMA phase, red is the PS phase and blue is the HDPE phase......................................................................................................................... 198 Figure 6-13. SEM micrograph of morphology of (a) 35/40/25 HDPE/PS/L-PMMA after extraction of L-PMMA by acetic acid, (b) 35/40/25 HDPE/PS/L-PMMA after extraction of PS by cyclohexane, (c) 35/40/25 HDPE/PS/H- PMMA(cryofracture), (d) 35/40/25 HDPE/PS/H-PMMA after extraction of PMMA by acetic acid, and (e) 35/40/25 HDPE/PS/H-PMMA after extraction of PS by cyclohexane, .................................................................................................. 200 Figure 6-14. FIB-AFM topographic surface image of HDPE/PS/PMMA at various compositions, (a) 50/40/10, (b) 50/25/25, and (c) 10/30/60. The white lines in the images indicate the sections analyzed for each blend. ....................................... 202
Page 1 and 2: © Sepehr Ravati, 2010. UNIVERSITÉ
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATED To my parents iii
Page 5 and 6: RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse présente, po
Page 7 and 8: devenir une structure hiérarchique
Page 9 and 10: ABSTRACT This thesis presents, for
Page 11 and 12: system can be increased from 10 -15
Page 13 and 14: CONDENSÉ EN FRANÇAIS Dans ce trav
Page 15 and 16: deuxième coquille de PS. Les phase
Page 17 and 18: structures à percolation multiple
Page 19 and 20: autre sous-type de morphologie dans
Page 21 and 22: TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.......
Page 23 and 24: xxiii 2.4.1.1.1 Charged Polymer Ads
Page 25 and 26: 5.3.4 Annealing Test ..............
Page 27 and 28: xxvii REFERENCES ..................
Page 29 and 30: LIST OF FIGURES xxix Figure 1-1. a)
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2-12. SEM photomicrograph of
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2-34. Schematic view of diff
Page 35 and 36: Figure 4-8. SEM micrographs of vari
Page 37: Figure 5-6. a),b) Scanning electron
Page 41 and 42: n number of moles p concentration o
Page 43 and 44: AFM atomic force microscopy LIST OF
Page 45 and 46: PS-co-PMMA copolymer of PS and PMMA
Page 47 and 48: 1.1 Introduction CHAPTER 1 - INTROD
Page 49 and 50: Figure 1-2. Human heart, longitudin
Page 51 and 52: One of the applications for porous
Page 53 and 54: On the other hand, a novel tri-cont
Page 55 and 56: 2.1 Polymer Blends CHAPTER 2 - LITE
Page 57 and 58: Based on Sterling’s approximation
Page 59 and 60: Antonoff’s rule (Equation 2-13) i
Page 61 and 62: 2.1.2.1 Binary Polymer Blends 2.1.2
Page 63 and 64: Some other studies(Everaert, Aerts,
Page 65 and 66: where the parameter z is dependent
Page 67 and 68: “compatibilization” was suggest
Page 69 and 70: a) λ BC A and B are matrices, b) C
Page 71 and 72: Reignier & Favis, 2000, 2003a; Reig
Page 73 and 74: measure the interfacial tension of
Page 75 and 76: a) b) Figure 2-6. Dependence of the
Page 77 and 78: Omonov et al. found double percolat
Page 79 and 80: 2.1.2.2.3 Effect of Composition on
Page 81 and 82: a) b) C B A c) Figure 2-12. SEM pho
Page 83 and 84: In the case where PS is the matrix,
Page 85 and 86: Posthuma de Boer, 1999) (Kumin & Ch
Page 87 and 88: lattice, such as square lattice, wi
Page 89 and 90:
magnetization, which is a function
Page 91 and 92:
Polymers have long been thought of
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epoxy as a function of nanotube wei
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Figure 2-19. Approaching the percol
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Figure 2-21. Transmission electron
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Figure 2-22: Dependence of PE conti
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Figure 2-24. Plot of the total numb
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chain provides the conductive path
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2.3.1.2.1 Polyaniline One of the mo
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CoPA/LLDPE/PANI blend and a poor-qu
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Narkis and co-workers extended and
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Figure 2-31: Conductivity of PVDF/P
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organic thin films, a novel and str
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on the topic have been reported in
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succeeded in creating thin films wi
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Addition of salt to the solution of
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different from that of linear homop
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Figure 2-39. Macromolecule with a)
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polyanion such as hyaluronan (HA)(P
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2.4.1.1.7 Effect of Salt on Multila
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2.4.1.1.8 Overcompensation of the M
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important factors determining the g
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As shown in Figure 2-44, swelling a
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increasing the pH value due to a de
Page 137 and 138:
CHAPTER 3 - ORGANIZATION OF THE ART
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discussed above, HDPE, PS, PMMA, an
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CHAPTER 4 - LOW PERCOLATION THRESHO
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or model which predicts where the p
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concentration threshold for the ons
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chemical and weathering resistance,
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Table 4-1. Material Characteristics
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filled with blend pellets. To facil
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4.3.6 Conductivity Measurements DC
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experimentally in this research gro
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a) b) c) d) Figure 4-4. Schematic i
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microstructure of the quaternary bl
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a) b) c) d) Figure 4-6. SEM microgr
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a) b) PVDF PS PMMA c) d) e) HDPE PS
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Uniform layers of PS and PMMA situa
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the concentration of HDPE is increa
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a) b) c) e) Figure 4-11. SEM microg
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melt-processable and contains 25 wt
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One question that should be address
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Conductivity(S/cm) Ternary Blend 1,
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phase(PMMA), the concentration of P
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(6) Virgilio, N.; Desjardins, P.; L
Page 181 and 182:
ONION MORPHOLOGY HDPE PVDF PS Contr
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work described above has focused on
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thermodynamic explanation to predic
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four-point probe increases continuo
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in the rheology tests were compress
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5.3.6 Layer-by-Layer Deposition The
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prepare a polymer blend structure w
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a) b) c) Figure 5-3. Scanning elect
Page 197 and 198:
spontaneously self-assembled. After
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a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Figure 5-5.
Page 201 and 202:
Since the ultra-low surface area va
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c) a) b) Figure 5-6. a),b) Scanning
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salt to a PSS polyelectrolyte solut
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A relationship between macropore si
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close together. It is interesting t
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Figure 5-9. Mass increase (%) indic
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In this work the conductance of the
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deposited PANI layers increases unt
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(52) Guo, H. F.; Packirisamy, S.; G
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6.2 Introduction It is well-known t
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modified version of Harkins theory(
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6.3 Experimental 6.3.1 Materials Co
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Complex voscosity (Pa.s) 1,0E+04 1,
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6.3.5.2 Focused Ion Beam (FIB) and
Page 229 and 230:
a) c) b) d) e) f) PMMA PMMA HDPE HD
Page 231 and 232:
y Harkins theory, PS will always si
Page 233 and 234:
a) b) c) d) e) f) PS Figure 6-6. a)
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a) b) HDPE : black PS : grey PMMA :
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6.4.6 Continuity, Co-continuity, an
Page 239 and 240:
c) V III II I VII I IV VI Figure 6-
Page 241 and 242:
Continuity Scheme (a) Figure 6-10.
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Addition of a low concentration of
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Addition of small amounts of HDPE t
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icontinuous network with the HDPE.
Page 249 and 250:
Three examples are shown in Figure
Page 251 and 252:
(9) Mekhilef, N.; Verhoogt, H. Poly
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structures are formed due to the co
Page 255 and 256:
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS In t
Page 257 and 258:
REFERENCES A. K. Gupta, K. R. S. (1
Page 259 and 260:
Caruso, F. (2003). Hollow Inorganic
Page 261 and 262:
Domenech, S. C., Bortoluzzi, J. H.,
Page 263 and 264:
Geuskens, G., Gielens, J. L., Geshe
Page 265 and 266:
Hou, S., Harrell, C. C., Trofin, L.
Page 267 and 268:
Krass, H., Papastavrou, G., & Kurth
Page 269 and 270:
Macdiarmid, A. G., Jin-Chih, C., Ha
Page 271 and 272:
Niziol, J., & Laska, J. (1999). Con
Page 273 and 274:
Reghu, M., Yoon, C. O., Yang, C. Y.
Page 275 and 276:
Shirakawa, H., Louis, E. L., MacDia
Page 277 and 278:
Utracki, L. A. (1991). On the visco
Page 279 and 280:
Yasuda, K., Armstrong, R., & Cohen,
Page 281 and 282:
literature has examined factors inf
Page 283 and 284:
(Reignier & Favis, 2000, 2003a; Rei
Page 285 and 286:
Table A-1.2. Interfacial tensions a
Page 287 and 288:
acquisition of images with a very h
Page 289 and 290:
Table A-1.3. Continuity of the PMMA
Page 291 and 292:
(17) Reignier, J.; Favis, B. D., Ma
Page 293 and 294:
PANI. Theoretically, the extent of
Page 295 and 296:
Equation A-2.7 0( ) 0 1. 5 σ = σ
Page 297 and 298:
Cumulative Mass × 10 5 (g) dipping
Page 299 and 300:
of PANI, and an increase in the con
Page 301 and 302:
Resistance(ohm) 1.0E+12 1.0E+11 1.0
Page 303 and 304:
esistance value. Samples containing
Page 305 and 306:
The results of resistance for PS/PE
Page 307 and 308:
Caruso, F., & Schuler, C. (2000). E
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