An Introduction to French Pronunciation

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Liaison 133 (i) words ending in -t, e.g. petit /pcti / but un petit enfant /j ptit efe/, tout /tu/ but tout à fait /tut a fε/, il est là /il ε la/ but il est ici /il εt isi/, tant /te/ but je l’ai tant aimé /ʒc le tet eme/, haut /o/ but de haut en bas /dc ot e ba/, vingt livres /vh li:vr/ but vingt élèves /vht elε:v/, il dit /il di/ but que dit-il? /kc dit il/; (ii) the preposition chez /ʃe/ and verb forms ending in -ez, e.g. chez eux /ʃez ø/, vous avez fini /vuz ave fini/ but vous avez entendu /vuz avez etedy/; (iii) the words beaucoup /boku/ and trop /tro/, e.g. je l’ai beaucoup aimé /ʒe le bokup eme/, il a trop hésité /il a trop ezite/, trop à faire /trop a fε:r/, trop ennuyeux /trop endijø/; trop has the minor complication that, in the liaison form, the vowel may be opened to /b/, e.g. /trbp ezite/, /trbp a fε:r/, but in ordinary conversational usage /trop/ is more usual and that is the form that will be adopted below in the phonetic representation of examples involving trop; (iv) the adjectives premier /prcmje/, dernier /dεrnje/ and léger /leʒe/; note that in the liaison form the vowel /e/ is frequently opened to /ε/, particularly in careful speech (in which case the words in question are therefore pronounced like the feminine forms première, dernière, légère), e.g. le premier homme /lc prcmjer bm/ or /lc prcmjεr bm/, le dernier arrêt /lc dεrnjer arε/ or /lc dεrnjεr arε/, un léger espoir /j leʒer εspwa:r/ or /j leʒεr εspwa:r/. 19.3.3 The liaison form of words ending in -s or in -x ends in /z/, e.g. dans un livre /dez j li:vr/, sous un arbre /suz jn arbr/, pas encore /paz ekb:r/, plus ou moins /plyz u mwh/, nous avons été /nuz avfz ete/, les innocents /lez inbse/, mes bons amis /me bfz ami/, les grands arbres /le grez arbr/, quels enfants? /kεlz efe/, un malheureux accident /j malhœrøz akside/, deux enfants /døz efe/, six ans /siz e/, dix heures /diz œ:r/, tes beaux yeux /te boz jø/. As many of the above examples show, this type of liaison form frequently occurs with plurals and is therefore particularly widespread.
134 Liaison 19.3.4 The words quand, grand, second and 3rd person singular verb forms in -d have a liaison form in /t/, e.g. quand il viendra /ket il vjhdra/, un grand homme /j gret bm/, un second enfant /j sgft efe/, que prend-il? /kc pret il/, qu’attend-on? /katet f/. (The reason for this is that, in medieval French, these words were pronounced with a /t/ and written with a t, i.e. quant, grant, (il) prent, etc. The spelling has since been modified under the influence of the corresponding Latin words, quando, grandis, secundus, or, in the case of the verbs, on the basis of the infinitive, prendre, attendre, and, in some instances, other persons of the verb such as nous attendons, ils attendent.) 19.3.5 The word neuf /nœf/ ‘nine’ has the liaison form /nœv/ in the two phrases neuf heures /nœv œ:r/ and neuf ans /nœv e/ only. 19.3.6 In the case of the liaison form of words ending in a nasal vowel in pronunciation and an n in spelling, there are two possibilities: (i) The nasal vowel remains unchanged and the n appears as a liaison consonant. This occurs in particular with the pronouns on /f/ and en /e/, e.g. on arrive /fn ari:v/, il en a beaucoup /il en a boku/, with the determiners un /j/ or /h/ (see 10.10.3) and aucun /okj/ or /okh/, e.g. un accident /jn akside/ or /hn akside/, aucun ennemi /okjn εnmi/ or /œkhn εnmi/, with the preposition en, e.g. en Allemagne /en alma/, and with bien and rien, e.g. bien aimable /bjhn εmabl/, rien à declarer /rjhn a deklare/. (ii) In bon and in masculine singular adjectives ending in -ain, -ein, -ien or -yen, the vowel is denasalized and the n is pronounced, with the result that the pronunciation is identical to that of the corresponding feminine adjective. The adjectives principally affected, in addition to bon /bf/, e.g. un bon élève /j bbn elε:v/, are certain, particularly in the expression d’un certain âge /dj sεrtεn a:ʒ/, plein /plh/, particularly
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An Introduction to French Pronuncia
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An Introduction to French Pronuncia
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Contents Preface x 1 General Consid
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Contents vii 8.4 Closed and Open Sy
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Contents ix 16.1 The Varieties of F
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General Considerations 1 1 General
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General Considerations 3 material.
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General Considerations 5 standard w
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General Considerations 7 to pronoun
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General Considerations 9 Transcript
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General Considerations 11 We are th
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2 The Production of Speech 13 The P
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Lips T T A Tip T = Teeth A = Alveol
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The Production of Speech 17 (iii) t
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3 The Articulation of French 19 The
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4 The Vowel Phonemes 4.1 Principles
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4.5 Orality or Nasality The Vowel P
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The Vowel Phonemes 25 However, the
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5 5.1 General The Semi-Consonants T
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6 The Consonant Phonemes 29 The Con
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6.4 Presence or Absence of Voice Th
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The Consonant Phonemes 33 discussed
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The Consonant Phonemes 35 IPA symbo
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The Rhythmic Group 37 shall call
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The Rhythmic Group 39 froid chez vo
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8 The Syllable 8.1 Introduction The
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The Syllable 43 (v) A cluster consi
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9 Stress 9.1 Normal Stress Stress 4
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Stress 47 He’s fantastically clev
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Stress 49 word is sometimes stresse
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Stress 51 9.5.4 An utterance such a
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10 10.1 Introduction The Vowels in
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The Vowels in Detail 55 to attempt
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The Vowels in Detail 57 The pronunc
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The Vowels in Detail 59 contrasted
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The Vowels in Detail 61 - to substi
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The Vowels in Detail 63 jeudi /ʒø
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The Vowels in Detail 65 English wor
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The Vowels in Detail 67 (iii) in th
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The Vowels in Detail 69 (iii) (with
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The Vowels in Detail 71 The only ci
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The Vowels in Detail 73 /e/ is alwa
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The Vowels in Detail 75 10.12.3 The
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Mute e 77 when unstressed. This see
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Mute e 79 /mc kfpre ty/, ne dites p
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Mute e 81 ‘rules’ given below i
Page 93 and 94: Mute e 83 as have actually been hea
Page 95 and 96: Mute e 85 than one word may in cert
Page 97 and 98: Mute e 87 (ii) before onze, onzièm
Page 99 and 100: Vowel Length 89 ‘long’. In real
Page 101 and 102: 12.6 Rule 4 Vowel Length 91 Other v
Page 103 and 104: Vowel Length 93 In the circumstance
Page 105 and 106: The Semi-Consonants in Detail 95 co
Page 107 and 108: The Semi-Consonants in Detail 97 th
Page 109 and 110: The Semi-Consonants in Detail 99 13
Page 111 and 112: The Consonants in Detail: (I) Stops
Page 113 and 114: 14.4 Point of Articulation The Cons
Page 115 and 116: The Consonants in Detail: (I) Stops
Page 117 and 118: The Consonants in Detail: (II) Fric
Page 119 and 120: 16 The Consonants in Detail: (III)
Page 121 and 122: The Consonants in Detail: (III) /r/
Page 127 and 128: 17 Gemination Gemination 117 17.1 L
Page 129 and 130: Gemination 119 with either a simple
Page 131 and 132: Gemination 121 (i) some words havin
Page 133 and 134: Consonantal Assimilation 123 18.1.3
Page 135 and 136: Consonantal Assimilation 125 necess
Page 137 and 138: Consonantal Assimilation 127 18.3.4
Page 140 and 141: 19 19.1 Origins Liaison Liaison 129
Page 142 and 143: 19.2 The Problem Liaison 131 19.2.1
Page 146 and 147: Liaison 135 in such expressions as
Page 148 and 149: Liaison 137 va/. (The reason why th
Page 150 and 151: Liaison 139 after an imperative, e.
Page 152 and 153: Liaison 141 19.6.2 The following, t
Page 154 and 155: Liaison 143 19.7.4 Between a verb (
Page 156 and 157: 20 Intonation 20.1 Introduction Int
Page 158 and 159: Intonation 147 Foremost among such
Page 160 and 161: Intonation 149 But if no syllable (
Page 162 and 163: 20.4 Yes-No Questions Intonation 15
Page 164 and 165: Dans quelle rue | l’avez-vous ach
Page 166 and 167: 20.7 Level Intonation Intonation 15
Page 168 and 169: References and Further Reading 157
Page 170 and 171: 160 Index Allemagne 113 allemand 79
Page 172 and 173: 162 Index cent 25, 33, 73, 129, 137
Page 174 and 175: 164 Index différentes 137 différe
Page 176 and 177: 166 Index filtre 91 fini 90 finir 1
Page 178 and 179: 168 Index intention 42 iode 98 iodi
Page 180 and 181: 170 Index mourait 120 mourir 120 mo
Page 182 and 183: 172 Index plâtre 68 plein 25, 42,
Page 184 and 185: 174 Index sciure 98 se 79, 82 sec 5
Page 186: 176 Index vaciller 95 vague 102 vai
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An Introduction to French Pronunciation

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