An Introduction to French Pronunciation

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Liaison 139 after an imperative, e.g. allez-vous-en /ale vuz e/, laisse-les-y /lεs lez i/. 19.5.4 In a variety of more specific contexts, of which the following are among those that occur most frequently: (i) dont + il(s), elle(s), on, e.g. (le sujet) dont on parlait /dft f parlε/; (ii) tout ‘every’ + noun (or + autre + noun), e.g. tout écrivain /tut ekrivh/, en tout état de cause /e tut eta d ko:z/, à tout instant /a tut hste/, tout autre étudiant /tut otr etydje/, and tout un ‘a whole’, e.g. tout un livre /tut j li:vr/; tout ‘everything’ + est, était, e.g. tout est possible /tut ε pbsibl/ or + participle or infinitive, e.g. j’ai tout entendu /ʒe tut etedy/, il va tout abîmer /il va tut abime/; tout ‘completely’ + adjective, past participle, adverb, or adverbial expression, e.g. tout heureux /tut œrø/, tout étonné /tut etbne/, tout autrement /tut otrcme/, tout aussi bien /tut osi bjh/, tout en noir /tut e nwa:r/, tout à fait /tut a fε/; (iii) très, bien, fort (see 19.4.3), plus, moins, trop + adjective, past participle or adverb, e.g. très aimable /trεz εmabl/, bien utile /bjhn ytil/, on s’est bien amusé /f sε bjhn amyze/, fort intéressant /fbrt hterεse/, moins avancé /mwhz avese/, plus utilement /plyz ytilme/, trop heureux /trop œrø/; (iv) est or sont + the indefinite article (un, une), an adjective, a past participle, or an adverb or prepositional phrase closely linked in meaning with the verb, e.g. c’est un Français /sεt j fresε/, c’est impossible /sεt hpbsibl/, il est heureux /il εt œrø/, elle est arrivée /εl εt arive/, il est ici /il εt isi/, ils sont à Paris /il sft a pari/; (v) rien + past participle or before à + infinitive, e.g. je n’ai rien acheté /ʒc ne rjhn aʃte/, je n’ai rien à déclarer /ʒc ne rjhn a deklare/, il n’y a rien à faire /il nj a rjhn a fε:r/, but not elsewhere (e.g. on ne voit rien ici /f n vwa rjh isi/, je ne comprends rien à cette affaire /ʒc n kfpre rjh a sεt afε:r/; (vi) monosyllabic preposition + following word, e.g. dans une boîte /dez yn bwat/, dès à présent /dεz a preze/, en Italie
140 Liaison /en itali/, en attendant /en atede/, sans hésiter /sez ezite/, sans avoir lu /sez avwar ly/, chez elle /ʃez εl/, sous une chaise /suz yn ʃε:z/; however, liaison after chez is not obligatory before personal names, e.g. chez Anne /ʃe an/, chez Henri /ʃe eri/. Note that vers has no liaison form (i.e. the -s is never pronounced, e.g. vers eux /vεr ø/). For bisyllabic prepositions see 19.6.6. (vii) quand + il(s), elle(s), on, e.g. quand il est parti /ket il ε parti/, quand elle arrivera /ket εl arivra/. (On quand introducing a question, see 19.7.9.) (viii) in a number of fixed expressions, of the type de plus en plus /dc plyz e ply/, de temps en temps /dc tez e te/, d’un bout à l’autre /dj but a lotr/, petit à petit /pctit a pti/. 19.6 Generally Acceptable Liaison 19.6.1 The expression ‘generally acceptable liaison’ is deliberately vague, in the sense that we are not attempting to define with any great degree of precision what is acceptable and when. Broadly speaking, the contexts covered in this section are those in which the foreigner is unlikely to attract attention either by making a liaison or by failing to make one. In some such contexts, many native-speakers would probably not make a liaison in certain situations whereas they would in others. The degree of formality of the situation is an important factor, with a much greater tendency to make liaisons being noticeable in registers other than familiar conversation. But even in conversation, there may be considerable variation within the speech of one and the same speaker. A person who, in chatting in highly informal situations, e.g. with members of the family or close friends, will restrict use of liaison more or less to the type of contexts discussed in 19.5, may (but this is not true of everyone) make wider, and perhaps considerably wider, use of liaison forms when conversing with, say, older people or strangers. Or one may use more such forms, even in casual conversation, on sad or solemn occasions than on light-hearted occasions.
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An Introduction to French Pronuncia
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An Introduction to French Pronuncia
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Contents Preface x 1 General Consid
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Contents vii 8.4 Closed and Open Sy
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Contents ix 16.1 The Varieties of F
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General Considerations 1 1 General
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General Considerations 3 material.
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General Considerations 5 standard w
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General Considerations 7 to pronoun
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General Considerations 9 Transcript
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General Considerations 11 We are th
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2 The Production of Speech 13 The P
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Lips T T A Tip T = Teeth A = Alveol
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The Production of Speech 17 (iii) t
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3 The Articulation of French 19 The
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4 The Vowel Phonemes 4.1 Principles
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4.5 Orality or Nasality The Vowel P
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The Vowel Phonemes 25 However, the
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5 5.1 General The Semi-Consonants T
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6 The Consonant Phonemes 29 The Con
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6.4 Presence or Absence of Voice Th
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The Consonant Phonemes 33 discussed
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The Consonant Phonemes 35 IPA symbo
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The Rhythmic Group 37 shall call
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The Rhythmic Group 39 froid chez vo
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8 The Syllable 8.1 Introduction The
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The Syllable 43 (v) A cluster consi
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9 Stress 9.1 Normal Stress Stress 4
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Stress 47 He’s fantastically clev
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Stress 49 word is sometimes stresse
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Stress 51 9.5.4 An utterance such a
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10 10.1 Introduction The Vowels in
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The Vowels in Detail 55 to attempt
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The Vowels in Detail 57 The pronunc
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The Vowels in Detail 59 contrasted
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The Vowels in Detail 61 - to substi
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The Vowels in Detail 63 jeudi /ʒø
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The Vowels in Detail 65 English wor
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The Vowels in Detail 67 (iii) in th
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The Vowels in Detail 69 (iii) (with
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The Vowels in Detail 71 The only ci
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The Vowels in Detail 73 /e/ is alwa
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The Vowels in Detail 75 10.12.3 The
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Mute e 77 when unstressed. This see
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Mute e 79 /mc kfpre ty/, ne dites p
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Mute e 81 ‘rules’ given below i
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Mute e 83 as have actually been hea
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Mute e 85 than one word may in cert
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Mute e 87 (ii) before onze, onzièm
Page 99 and 100: Vowel Length 89 ‘long’. In real
Page 101 and 102: 12.6 Rule 4 Vowel Length 91 Other v
Page 103 and 104: Vowel Length 93 In the circumstance
Page 105 and 106: The Semi-Consonants in Detail 95 co
Page 107 and 108: The Semi-Consonants in Detail 97 th
Page 109 and 110: The Semi-Consonants in Detail 99 13
Page 111 and 112: The Consonants in Detail: (I) Stops
Page 113 and 114: 14.4 Point of Articulation The Cons
Page 115 and 116: The Consonants in Detail: (I) Stops
Page 117 and 118: The Consonants in Detail: (II) Fric
Page 119 and 120: 16 The Consonants in Detail: (III)
Page 121 and 122: The Consonants in Detail: (III) /r/
Page 127 and 128: 17 Gemination Gemination 117 17.1 L
Page 129 and 130: Gemination 119 with either a simple
Page 131 and 132: Gemination 121 (i) some words havin
Page 133 and 134: Consonantal Assimilation 123 18.1.3
Page 135 and 136: Consonantal Assimilation 125 necess
Page 137 and 138: Consonantal Assimilation 127 18.3.4
Page 140 and 141: 19 19.1 Origins Liaison Liaison 129
Page 142 and 143: 19.2 The Problem Liaison 131 19.2.1
Page 144 and 145: Liaison 133 (i) words ending in -t,
Page 146 and 147: Liaison 135 in such expressions as
Page 148 and 149: Liaison 137 va/. (The reason why th
Page 152 and 153: Liaison 141 19.6.2 The following, t
Page 154 and 155: Liaison 143 19.7.4 Between a verb (
Page 156 and 157: 20 Intonation 20.1 Introduction Int
Page 158 and 159: Intonation 147 Foremost among such
Page 160 and 161: Intonation 149 But if no syllable (
Page 162 and 163: 20.4 Yes-No Questions Intonation 15
Page 164 and 165: Dans quelle rue | l’avez-vous ach
Page 166 and 167: 20.7 Level Intonation Intonation 15
Page 168 and 169: References and Further Reading 157
Page 170 and 171: 160 Index Allemagne 113 allemand 79
Page 172 and 173: 162 Index cent 25, 33, 73, 129, 137
Page 174 and 175: 164 Index différentes 137 différe
Page 176 and 177: 166 Index filtre 91 fini 90 finir 1
Page 178 and 179: 168 Index intention 42 iode 98 iodi
Page 180 and 181: 170 Index mourait 120 mourir 120 mo
Page 182 and 183: 172 Index plâtre 68 plein 25, 42,
Page 184 and 185: 174 Index sciure 98 se 79, 82 sec 5
Page 186: 176 Index vaciller 95 vague 102 vai
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An Introduction to French Pronunciation

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