An Introduction to French Pronunciation

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14 The Production of Speech when the air is retained in this way for certain kinds of muscular effort such as lifting a heavy object.) The cords may be drawn towards one another, not so much so as to block the airstream entirely but close enough for them to vibrate and produce voice (see 2.2.3). Alternatively, though this is not the place to go into detail, various types of friction at the vocal cords produce the English h sound or a whisper. (For further information on the various types of sound produced at the vocal cords, see for example Abercrombie, 1967: 25–8; Catford, 2001: 49–53; Gimson, 2001: 10 –12.) 2.2.2 The space between the vocal cords is known as the ‘glottis’ and the corresponding adjective is ‘glottal’ (see in particular 14.6). 2.2.3 In its technical sense, ‘voice’ is the sound produced by rapid vibration (many times a second) of the vocal cords. It is, therefore, a musical sound, produced in a similar way to the sound produced by the vibration of the strings of a violin or a piano or the vibration of the reed of a clarinet. Each individual voice has of course a considerable range of pitch, from high to low. The explanation for this is that the vocal cords can be held in varying degrees of tension. The tenser they are, the more frequently they vibrate and, consequently, the higher the pitch. The fundamental difference between, say, on the one hand d and z and, on the other hand, t and s is that d and z are accompanied by this vibration of the cords, i.e. by voice, whereas t and s are not. On this basis, we can divide consonants into two categories, voiced and voiceless (but see also 18.2 and 18.3). The sound of a voiceless consonant is not musical – in reality, it is just noise. For our present purposes, it can be assumed that all vowels are voiced. (In reality, voiceless vowels can and do occur – see 10.11.)
Lips T T A Tip T = Teeth A = Alveoli (teeth-ridge) VC = Vocal cords Blade Palate Nasal cavity Middle Tongue The Production of Speech 15 Back Velum Root VC Uvula Figure 1 The speech organs (schematic diagram)
Page 1 and 2: An Introduction to French Pronuncia
Page 3 and 4: An Introduction to French Pronuncia
Page 5 and 6: Contents Preface x 1 General Consid
Page 7 and 8: Contents vii 8.4 Closed and Open Sy
Page 9 and 10: Contents ix 16.1 The Varieties of F
Page 11 and 12: General Considerations 1 1 General
Page 13 and 14: General Considerations 3 material.
Page 15 and 16: General Considerations 5 standard w
Page 17 and 18: General Considerations 7 to pronoun
Page 19 and 20: General Considerations 9 Transcript
Page 21 and 22: General Considerations 11 We are th
Page 23: 2 The Production of Speech 13 The P
Page 27 and 28: The Production of Speech 17 (iii) t
Page 29 and 30: 3 The Articulation of French 19 The
Page 31 and 32: 4 The Vowel Phonemes 4.1 Principles
Page 33 and 34: 4.5 Orality or Nasality The Vowel P
Page 35 and 36: The Vowel Phonemes 25 However, the
Page 37 and 38: 5 5.1 General The Semi-Consonants T
Page 39 and 40: 6 The Consonant Phonemes 29 The Con
Page 41 and 42: 6.4 Presence or Absence of Voice Th
Page 43 and 44: The Consonant Phonemes 33 discussed
Page 45 and 46: The Consonant Phonemes 35 IPA symbo
Page 47 and 48: The Rhythmic Group 37 shall call
Page 49 and 50: The Rhythmic Group 39 froid chez vo
Page 51 and 52: 8 The Syllable 8.1 Introduction The
Page 53 and 54: The Syllable 43 (v) A cluster consi
Page 55 and 56: 9 Stress 9.1 Normal Stress Stress 4
Page 57 and 58: Stress 47 He’s fantastically clev
Page 59 and 60: Stress 49 word is sometimes stresse
Page 61 and 62: Stress 51 9.5.4 An utterance such a
Page 63 and 64: 10 10.1 Introduction The Vowels in
Page 65 and 66: The Vowels in Detail 55 to attempt
Page 67 and 68: The Vowels in Detail 57 The pronunc
Page 69 and 70: The Vowels in Detail 59 contrasted
Page 71 and 72: The Vowels in Detail 61 - to substi
Page 73 and 74: The Vowels in Detail 63 jeudi /ʒø
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The Vowels in Detail 65 English wor
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The Vowels in Detail 67 (iii) in th
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The Vowels in Detail 69 (iii) (with
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The Vowels in Detail 71 The only ci
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The Vowels in Detail 73 /e/ is alwa
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The Vowels in Detail 75 10.12.3 The
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Mute e 77 when unstressed. This see
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Mute e 79 /mc kfpre ty/, ne dites p
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Mute e 81 ‘rules’ given below i
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Mute e 83 as have actually been hea
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Mute e 85 than one word may in cert
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Mute e 87 (ii) before onze, onzièm
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Vowel Length 89 ‘long’. In real
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12.6 Rule 4 Vowel Length 91 Other v
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Vowel Length 93 In the circumstance
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The Semi-Consonants in Detail 95 co
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The Semi-Consonants in Detail 97 th
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The Semi-Consonants in Detail 99 13
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The Consonants in Detail: (I) Stops
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14.4 Point of Articulation The Cons
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The Consonants in Detail: (I) Stops
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The Consonants in Detail: (II) Fric
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16 The Consonants in Detail: (III)
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The Consonants in Detail: (III) /r/
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17 Gemination Gemination 117 17.1 L
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Gemination 119 with either a simple
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Gemination 121 (i) some words havin
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Consonantal Assimilation 123 18.1.3
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Consonantal Assimilation 125 necess
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Consonantal Assimilation 127 18.3.4
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19 19.1 Origins Liaison Liaison 129
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19.2 The Problem Liaison 131 19.2.1
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Liaison 133 (i) words ending in -t,
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Liaison 135 in such expressions as
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Liaison 137 va/. (The reason why th
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Liaison 139 after an imperative, e.
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Liaison 141 19.6.2 The following, t
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Liaison 143 19.7.4 Between a verb (
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20 Intonation 20.1 Introduction Int
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Intonation 147 Foremost among such
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Intonation 149 But if no syllable (
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20.4 Yes-No Questions Intonation 15
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Dans quelle rue | l’avez-vous ach
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20.7 Level Intonation Intonation 15
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References and Further Reading 157
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160 Index Allemagne 113 allemand 79
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162 Index cent 25, 33, 73, 129, 137
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164 Index différentes 137 différe
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166 Index filtre 91 fini 90 finir 1
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168 Index intention 42 iode 98 iodi
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170 Index mourait 120 mourir 120 mo
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172 Index plâtre 68 plein 25, 42,
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174 Index sciure 98 se 79, 82 sec 5
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176 Index vaciller 95 vague 102 vai
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An Introduction to French Pronunciation

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