An Introduction to French Pronunciation

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Liaison 141 19.6.2 The following, then (19.6.3–19.6.6), are some of the most important contexts in which the use of a liaison form is ‘generally acceptable’. One can go even further and advise the foreign learner to use the liaison form in such contexts unless and until his or her own observation of the conversational practice of native-speakers of French suggests that it would be more usual not to do so – and, while we do not wish to complicate the issue unduly here by commenting on every one of the following subcategories, it will be noticed that, in some but not all contexts, it is more usual not to use the liaison form. 19.6.3 Between parts of être or avoir and a past participle (see also 19.5.4 (iv)) and between parts of aller or devoir and an infinitive, e.g. je suis allé /ʒc sdiz ale/, nous sommes arrivés /nu sbmz arive/, tu étais allé /ty etεz ale/, nous avons écrit /nuz avfz ekri/, vous avez eu /vuz avez y/, j’avais été /ʒavεz ete/, ils avaient entendu /ilz avεt etedy/, nous allons arriver /nuz alfz arive/, je dois avouer /ʒc dwaz avwe/. (According to Fouché, 1969: 474, there is, however, no liaison after tu seras, tu as and tu auras.) 19.6.4 Between parts of être and a following adjective or noun, e.g. je suis heureux /ʒc sdiz œrø/, tu es impardonnable /ty εz hpardbnabl/, vous étiez avocat /vuz etjez avbka/. 19.6.5 Between pas, jamais or assez and a following word or phrase with which it is closely associated in meaning, e.g. ( je ne suis) pas heureux /paz œrø/, (il n’est) pas ici /paz isi/, pas encore /paz ekb:r/, (ils n’iront) pas à Paris /paz a pari/, (il n’y a) jamais été /ʒamεz ete/, (il n’en a) jamais assez /ʒamεz ase/, assez important /asez hpbrte/. 19.6.6 After the bisyllabic prepositions après, depuis, devant, pendant, e.g. après un mois /aprεz j mwa/, après avoir fini /aprεz avwar fini/, depuis octobre /dcpdiz bktbbr/, devant une fenêtre /dcvet yn fcnεtr/, pendant une heure /pedet yn œ:r/;
142 Liaison but note (i) in conversational usage this liaison is frequently not made, (ii) there is no liaison in après eux /aprε ø/ (but après elle(s) /aprεz εl/). (On envers, avant, selon, see 19.4.2.) 19.7 No Liaison 19.7.1 Liaison must be avoided in conversational usage (and in some cases does not occur even in a highly formal style) in such contexts as the following: 19.7.2 Between a noun and a following adjective, e.g. (le) gouvernement espagnol /guvεrncme εspabl/, (un) objet intéressant /bbʒε hterεse/, (un) repas excellent /rcpa εksεle/, (un) palais imposant /palε hpoze/, (un) cas exceptionnel /ka εksεpsjbnεl/, (un) coup affreux /ku afrø/, (des) amis américains /ami amerikh/, (des) enfants intelligents /efe htεliʒe/, (des) livres intéressants /livr hterεse/, (des) objets utiles /bbʒε ytil/, (des) personnes opiniâtres /pεrsbn bpinja:tr/, (des) châteaux imposants /ʃato hpoze/. Note however that, in the plural only, the liaison forms are sometimes used in a formal style of delivery and are compulsory in a few set expressions such as (les) États-Unis /etaz yni/ and (les) Nations Unies /nasjfz yni/. In the singular, the liaison form should never be used except in a very few fixed expressions, the most common of which is accent aigu /akset egy/. 19.7.3 Between a noun subject and its verb, e.g. ce cas est difficile /sc ka ε difisil/, le gouvernement a décidé /lc guvεrncme a deside/, l’étudiant achète (un livre) /letydje aʃεt/, les enfants étaient là /lez efe etε la/, mes parents ont (une belle maison) /me pare f/, nos amis arrivent /nbz ami ari:v/, les oiseaux apparaissent /lez wazo aparεs/. This also applies when the verb group (as defined in 19.5.3) begins with y or en, e.g. l’étudiant en trouve /letydje e tru:v/, nos voisins y travaillent /no vwazh i travaj/.
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An Introduction to French Pronuncia
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An Introduction to French Pronuncia
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Contents Preface x 1 General Consid
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Contents vii 8.4 Closed and Open Sy
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Contents ix 16.1 The Varieties of F
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General Considerations 1 1 General
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General Considerations 3 material.
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General Considerations 5 standard w
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General Considerations 7 to pronoun
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General Considerations 9 Transcript
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General Considerations 11 We are th
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2 The Production of Speech 13 The P
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Lips T T A Tip T = Teeth A = Alveol
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The Production of Speech 17 (iii) t
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3 The Articulation of French 19 The
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4 The Vowel Phonemes 4.1 Principles
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4.5 Orality or Nasality The Vowel P
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The Vowel Phonemes 25 However, the
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5 5.1 General The Semi-Consonants T
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6 The Consonant Phonemes 29 The Con
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6.4 Presence or Absence of Voice Th
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The Consonant Phonemes 33 discussed
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The Consonant Phonemes 35 IPA symbo
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The Rhythmic Group 37 shall call
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The Rhythmic Group 39 froid chez vo
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8 The Syllable 8.1 Introduction The
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The Syllable 43 (v) A cluster consi
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9 Stress 9.1 Normal Stress Stress 4
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Stress 47 He’s fantastically clev
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Stress 49 word is sometimes stresse
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Stress 51 9.5.4 An utterance such a
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10 10.1 Introduction The Vowels in
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The Vowels in Detail 55 to attempt
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The Vowels in Detail 57 The pronunc
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The Vowels in Detail 59 contrasted
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The Vowels in Detail 61 - to substi
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The Vowels in Detail 63 jeudi /ʒø
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The Vowels in Detail 65 English wor
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The Vowels in Detail 67 (iii) in th
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The Vowels in Detail 69 (iii) (with
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The Vowels in Detail 71 The only ci
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The Vowels in Detail 73 /e/ is alwa
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The Vowels in Detail 75 10.12.3 The
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Mute e 77 when unstressed. This see
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Mute e 79 /mc kfpre ty/, ne dites p
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Mute e 81 ‘rules’ given below i
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Mute e 83 as have actually been hea
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Mute e 85 than one word may in cert
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Mute e 87 (ii) before onze, onzièm
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Vowel Length 89 ‘long’. In real
Page 101 and 102: 12.6 Rule 4 Vowel Length 91 Other v
Page 103 and 104: Vowel Length 93 In the circumstance
Page 105 and 106: The Semi-Consonants in Detail 95 co
Page 107 and 108: The Semi-Consonants in Detail 97 th
Page 109 and 110: The Semi-Consonants in Detail 99 13
Page 111 and 112: The Consonants in Detail: (I) Stops
Page 113 and 114: 14.4 Point of Articulation The Cons
Page 115 and 116: The Consonants in Detail: (I) Stops
Page 117 and 118: The Consonants in Detail: (II) Fric
Page 119 and 120: 16 The Consonants in Detail: (III)
Page 121 and 122: The Consonants in Detail: (III) /r/
Page 127 and 128: 17 Gemination Gemination 117 17.1 L
Page 129 and 130: Gemination 119 with either a simple
Page 131 and 132: Gemination 121 (i) some words havin
Page 133 and 134: Consonantal Assimilation 123 18.1.3
Page 135 and 136: Consonantal Assimilation 125 necess
Page 137 and 138: Consonantal Assimilation 127 18.3.4
Page 140 and 141: 19 19.1 Origins Liaison Liaison 129
Page 142 and 143: 19.2 The Problem Liaison 131 19.2.1
Page 144 and 145: Liaison 133 (i) words ending in -t,
Page 146 and 147: Liaison 135 in such expressions as
Page 148 and 149: Liaison 137 va/. (The reason why th
Page 150 and 151: Liaison 139 after an imperative, e.
Page 154 and 155: Liaison 143 19.7.4 Between a verb (
Page 156 and 157: 20 Intonation 20.1 Introduction Int
Page 158 and 159: Intonation 147 Foremost among such
Page 160 and 161: Intonation 149 But if no syllable (
Page 162 and 163: 20.4 Yes-No Questions Intonation 15
Page 164 and 165: Dans quelle rue | l’avez-vous ach
Page 166 and 167: 20.7 Level Intonation Intonation 15
Page 168 and 169: References and Further Reading 157
Page 170 and 171: 160 Index Allemagne 113 allemand 79
Page 172 and 173: 162 Index cent 25, 33, 73, 129, 137
Page 174 and 175: 164 Index différentes 137 différe
Page 176 and 177: 166 Index filtre 91 fini 90 finir 1
Page 178 and 179: 168 Index intention 42 iode 98 iodi
Page 180 and 181: 170 Index mourait 120 mourir 120 mo
Page 182 and 183: 172 Index plâtre 68 plein 25, 42,
Page 184 and 185: 174 Index sciure 98 se 79, 82 sec 5
Page 186: 176 Index vaciller 95 vague 102 vai
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An Introduction to French Pronunciation

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