An Introduction to French Pronunciation

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34 The Consonant Phonemes equivalent written as j, as in je, jouer, etc., or, not infrequently, before e, i or y, as g, as in geler, gilet, gymnaste, IPA symbol /ʒ/. 6.8 Lateral The symbol for the one (voiced) lateral consonant of French, the l of lit, malade, pâle, etc., is /l/. 6.9 Nasals 6.9.1 French has four nasal consonant phonemes, all of them usually voiced though, as we shall see (16.6), a voiceless allophone of /m/ occurs. 6.9.2 The bilabial nasal of ma, aimer, plume: IPA /m/. 6.9.3 The dental nasal of nous, venir, lune: IPA /n/. 6.9.4 The palatal nasal, always written gn, as in signer, vigne: IPA //. There is no corresponding phoneme in English – see 16.3.3. 6.9.5 A velar nasal that, as a phoneme, is always written ng and occurs in words ending in -ing borrowed from English, e.g. parking, meeting, and in the word for the former Austrian unit of currency, schilling: IPA /ŋ/. (In addition, it can occur as an allophone of /g/ in some contexts – see 18.3.4.) 6.10 r-Sounds There are at least three clearly distinguishable ways (more if one counts minor variations) of pronouncing the French r of words such as rouge, Paris, cher (see 16.1). Each has its own
The Consonant Phonemes 35 IPA symbol, namely /ʁ/ for the standard Parisian r, which is a uvular fricative (see 16.1.2), /r/ for a uvular rolled r (16.1.3), and /r/ for a front rolled r (16.1.4). However, for our present purposes we need only one symbol and so, though in strict phonetic notation the Parisian r would be represented by /ʁ/, we shall follow the IPA recommendation of choosing the most convenient symbol, which is /r/. 6.11 Summary Table If, provisionally, we classify /r/ as a velar fricative, we can tabulate the French consonant phonemes as in table 6.1. Where there are two symbols in the same box, the one on the left represents a voiceless phoneme, the one on the right a voiced phoneme; where there is only one symbol, it normally represents a voiced phoneme. Table 6.1 French consonant phonemes Point of articulation Manner of Bilabial or Dental or Post-alveolar Velar articulation labio-dental alveolar or palatal Stop p b t d k g Fricative f v s z ʃ ʒ r Lateral l Nasal m n ŋ
Page 1 and 2: An Introduction to French Pronuncia
Page 3 and 4: An Introduction to French Pronuncia
Page 5 and 6: Contents Preface x 1 General Consid
Page 7 and 8: Contents vii 8.4 Closed and Open Sy
Page 9 and 10: Contents ix 16.1 The Varieties of F
Page 11 and 12: General Considerations 1 1 General
Page 13 and 14: General Considerations 3 material.
Page 15 and 16: General Considerations 5 standard w
Page 17 and 18: General Considerations 7 to pronoun
Page 19 and 20: General Considerations 9 Transcript
Page 21 and 22: General Considerations 11 We are th
Page 23 and 24: 2 The Production of Speech 13 The P
Page 25 and 26: Lips T T A Tip T = Teeth A = Alveol
Page 27 and 28: The Production of Speech 17 (iii) t
Page 29 and 30: 3 The Articulation of French 19 The
Page 31 and 32: 4 The Vowel Phonemes 4.1 Principles
Page 33 and 34: 4.5 Orality or Nasality The Vowel P
Page 35 and 36: The Vowel Phonemes 25 However, the
Page 37 and 38: 5 5.1 General The Semi-Consonants T
Page 39 and 40: 6 The Consonant Phonemes 29 The Con
Page 41 and 42: 6.4 Presence or Absence of Voice Th
Page 43: The Consonant Phonemes 33 discussed
Page 47 and 48: The Rhythmic Group 37 shall call
Page 49 and 50: The Rhythmic Group 39 froid chez vo
Page 51 and 52: 8 The Syllable 8.1 Introduction The
Page 53 and 54: The Syllable 43 (v) A cluster consi
Page 55 and 56: 9 Stress 9.1 Normal Stress Stress 4
Page 57 and 58: Stress 47 He’s fantastically clev
Page 59 and 60: Stress 49 word is sometimes stresse
Page 61 and 62: Stress 51 9.5.4 An utterance such a
Page 63 and 64: 10 10.1 Introduction The Vowels in
Page 65 and 66: The Vowels in Detail 55 to attempt
Page 67 and 68: The Vowels in Detail 57 The pronunc
Page 69 and 70: The Vowels in Detail 59 contrasted
Page 71 and 72: The Vowels in Detail 61 - to substi
Page 73 and 74: The Vowels in Detail 63 jeudi /ʒø
Page 75 and 76: The Vowels in Detail 65 English wor
Page 77 and 78: The Vowels in Detail 67 (iii) in th
Page 79 and 80: The Vowels in Detail 69 (iii) (with
Page 81 and 82: The Vowels in Detail 71 The only ci
Page 83 and 84: The Vowels in Detail 73 /e/ is alwa
Page 85 and 86: The Vowels in Detail 75 10.12.3 The
Page 87 and 88: Mute e 77 when unstressed. This see
Page 89 and 90: Mute e 79 /mc kfpre ty/, ne dites p
Page 91 and 92: Mute e 81 ‘rules’ given below i
Page 93 and 94: Mute e 83 as have actually been hea
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Mute e 85 than one word may in cert
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Mute e 87 (ii) before onze, onzièm
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Vowel Length 89 ‘long’. In real
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12.6 Rule 4 Vowel Length 91 Other v
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Vowel Length 93 In the circumstance
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The Semi-Consonants in Detail 95 co
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The Semi-Consonants in Detail 97 th
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The Semi-Consonants in Detail 99 13
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The Consonants in Detail: (I) Stops
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14.4 Point of Articulation The Cons
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The Consonants in Detail: (I) Stops
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The Consonants in Detail: (II) Fric
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16 The Consonants in Detail: (III)
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The Consonants in Detail: (III) /r/
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17 Gemination Gemination 117 17.1 L
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Gemination 119 with either a simple
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Gemination 121 (i) some words havin
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Consonantal Assimilation 123 18.1.3
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Consonantal Assimilation 125 necess
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Consonantal Assimilation 127 18.3.4
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19 19.1 Origins Liaison Liaison 129
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19.2 The Problem Liaison 131 19.2.1
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Liaison 133 (i) words ending in -t,
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Liaison 135 in such expressions as
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Liaison 137 va/. (The reason why th
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Liaison 139 after an imperative, e.
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Liaison 141 19.6.2 The following, t
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Liaison 143 19.7.4 Between a verb (
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20 Intonation 20.1 Introduction Int
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Intonation 147 Foremost among such
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Intonation 149 But if no syllable (
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20.4 Yes-No Questions Intonation 15
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Dans quelle rue | l’avez-vous ach
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20.7 Level Intonation Intonation 15
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References and Further Reading 157
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160 Index Allemagne 113 allemand 79
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162 Index cent 25, 33, 73, 129, 137
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164 Index différentes 137 différe
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166 Index filtre 91 fini 90 finir 1
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168 Index intention 42 iode 98 iodi
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170 Index mourait 120 mourir 120 mo
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172 Index plâtre 68 plein 25, 42,
Page 184 and 185:
174 Index sciure 98 se 79, 82 sec 5
Page 186:
176 Index vaciller 95 vague 102 vai
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An Introduction to French Pronunciation

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