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Chapter 1. Introduction Adoption, Diffusion and Use of E-government Hassan Al-Zaabi Services in Abu Dhabi Police Force To further verify whether this is also true in practice, non-government funded agencies documents were consulted. Based on the UN and DESA report (2012), it was found that there are a number of criteria to differentiate between developing and developed countries, such as, gross national income, adult literacy rate, agricultural production, exports of goods and services. Furthermore, the UAE is also grouped as one of the highly human developed country in the Arab region (UN, 2013). “The UAE did not pass through the hypothetical development „stages‟ that most developed countries seem to have experienced. Rather, its large oil revenues have allowed it to leap these stages to the stage of high mass consumption” (Shihab, 2001: 249). However, in this section a general differentiation will be given between developing and developed countries. Although not all the description of developing counties is applicable to the UAE, a general description is crucial. When considering developing and developed countries, distinctions exist that are explained hereafter. A developed country is defined as a country that is “advanced economically and socially” (Oxford, 2003). On the other hand, a developing country is “a poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more advanced economically and socially” (Oxford, 2003). However, to familiarise the readers to the main differences between developed and developing countries, table 1.1 is provided. This table was derived from a previous study by Chen et al. (2006) that examined different e-government strategies in developed and developing countries. At the beginning of their study Chen et al. (2006) differentiated between developed and developing countries based on the history, technical staff, infrastructure, citizens and government officers in these countries. These criteria were chosen based on Chen et al. (2006) needs with regards of e-government strategies. As this research is also looking at e- government services in a developing country, some of the criteria in this table was viewed suitable for the purpose of this research. For example, when considering the citizens perspective in e-government, it was found that citizens in developing countries “are reluctant to trust online services and few citizens know how to operate computers” (Chen et al., 2006: 27). This was also applicable to the UAE (Al- Rashidi, 2010), where this issue is examined in greater depth within this research. Comparatively, when examining the infrastructure in developing countries, it was stated that there is “low internet access for employees and citizens” (Chen et al., 2006: 27). This was not applicable to the UAE. Based on the World Bank (2012) report, it was given that about 70% of the total population have University of Hertfordshire 2013 Page 7
Chapter 1. Introduction Adoption, Diffusion and Use of E-government Hassan Al-Zaabi Services in Abu Dhabi Police Force access to the internet. Therefore, as given earlier even though the UAE is a developing country, not all the criteria is applicable. History and Culture Technical Staff Infrastructure Citizens Government Officers Developed Countries Developing Countries Government and economy developed early, immediately after independence Economy growing at a constant rate, productivity increasing, high standard of living Relatively long history of democracy and more transparent government policy and rule Has a current staff, needs to increase technical abilities and hire younger professionals Has outsourcing abilities and financial resources to outsource; current staff would be able to define requirements for development Good current infrastructure High Internet access for employees and citizens High Internet access and computer literacy; still has digital divide and privacy issues Relatively more experienced in democratic system and more actively participate in governmental policy-making process Decent computer literacy and dedication of resources; many do place e-government at a high priority Government usually not specifically defined; economy not increasing in productivity Economy not growing or increasing productivity; low standard of living Relatively short history of democracy and less transparent government policy and rule Does not have a staff, or has very limited inhouse staff Does not have local outsourcing abilities and rarely has the financial ability to outsource; current staff may be unable to define specific requirements Bad current infrastructure Low Internet access for employees and citizens Low Internet access and citizens are reluctant to trust online services; few citizens know how to operate computers Relatively less experienced in democratic system and less active participation in governmental policy-making process Low computer literacy and dedication of resources; many do not place e-government at a high priority due to lack of knowledge on the issue Table 1.1: Main differences between developed and developing countries (source: Chen et al., 2006: 27). In conclusion, and based on the literature review, there is still no updated and clear details about these criteria in the UAE and in particular AD. For example, lack of details regarding government officers, can impact findings of whether government officers have high or low computer literacy. University of Hertfordshire 2013 Page 8
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Chapter 4. Pilot Analysis, Findings
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Chapter 7. Summary and Conclusions
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References Adoption, Diffusion and
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Appendices Adoption, Diffusion and
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