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Chapter 3. Research Methodology Adoption, Diffusion and Use of E-government Hassan Al-Zaabi Services in Abu Dhabi Police Force a case study (Bryman and Bell, 2003). Therefore, based on literature review, it was concluded that direct observation is also important to consider when examining a case study. In this research, the researcher had observed some of the staff members at ADPF while using and discussing the e-services, in order to understand more about the adoption and use of e-services, for example, finding out what e- services do they usually use or are they facing difficulties when using it. Furthermore, the researcher can also validate some of the interviewee responses. For example, if one of the officers said in an interview that e-services are easy to use and then during the observation, the researcher can tell if this officer finds it easy to use or not. 3.6.3 Participant Observation Participant observation is “when you not only observe people doing things, but participate to some extent in these activities as well” (Myers, 2009: 139; Yin, 2009). This shows that the interaction between the observer and the people is the main difference between direct and participant observation. Myers (2009) argued that interaction helps the researcher in understanding meanings more than when you only observe. This process is time-consuming, especially that the observer will be treated as a stranger and needs a lot of time so that people in the organisation trust him and let him be involved with their work, therefore, this method was not considered in this research (Yin, 2009). Furthermore, participant observation might help in collecting a lot of data; however, it is beyond the aim of this research, which might be more suitable for ethnographers. 3.6.4 Documentation Documentations are informal documents produced for personal reasons (Lincoln and Guba, 1985). Therefore, data might not be accurate or reliable (Yin, 2009). Example of documentations can be diaries, memoranda, e-mails or letters (Myers 2009; Yin, 2009). Documentation technique is more useful if used with another technique, such as, interviews. “Documents are invaluable for providing details on their own” (Myers, 2009: 161). Documentation technique could assist in gathering data that could help the researcher to ask more questions about a certain document to find more about it (Yin, 2009). University of Hertfordshire 2013 Page 73
Chapter 3. Research Methodology Adoption, Diffusion and Use of E-government Hassan Al-Zaabi Services in Abu Dhabi Police Force As shown in table 3.4, documentations can be difficult to find (especially e-mails) and time- consuming. The researcher could spend a lot of time searching and going through documents that could not be related to his research or beyond his scope, therefore, it would be a waste of time or maybe gets more confusing with these large amounts of data. Therefore, this technique is not considered in this research. 3.6.5 Archival Records Archival records are formal documents produced for official reasons (Lincoln and Guba, 1985). Therefore, it is similar to documentation in section 3.6.4, but considered more formal. Examples of archival records are; survey data, organisational records, service records (Yin, 2009). When the case study is in a police force, it is extremely difficult to get permission or access in order to get details from any archival records, especially that most details deal with privacy and security issues. This had led the researcher to not consider this technique because of its difficulty in accessing any information from archival records in ADPF. 3.6.6 Physical Artifacts Physical artifact is “a technological device, a tool or instrument, a work of art or some other physical evidence” (Yin, 2009: 113). Yin (2009) argued that physical artifacts may not be relevant in some of the case studies, therefore, it is not considered as important as other data collection techniques. This research focus more on the behaviour and attitude of ADPF employees adopting and using the e- services, therefore, this method was not seen to be applicable for this research. 3.7 More about the Data Collection Technique The data collection period of this research was divided into two sections. The first phase was during the pilot case study which was for two months, from January, 2012 to March, 2012. The second phase was during the final phase which was approximately for four months, from July, 2012 to October, 2012. In the pilot study, around 40 employees from ADPF were interviewed, where as in the final phase around 200 employees from ADPF were interviewed. Staff members from ADPF were chosen University of Hertfordshire 2013 Page 74
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Adoption, Diffusion and Use of E-go
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Chapter 1. Introduction Adoption, D
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Chapter 2. Literature Review Adopti
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Chapter 7. Summary and Conclusions
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References Adoption, Diffusion and
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Appendices Adoption, Diffusion and
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