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Chapter 2. Literature Review Adoption, Diffusion and Use of E-government
Hassan Al-Zaabi Services in Abu Dhabi Police Force
Further, Taylor and Todd (1995a: 144) have also added that “the absence of any of these facilitating
conditions represents barriers to adoption and may inhibit the formation of intention”.
2.7.4 Constructs from Trustworthiness
As mentioned in section 2.6, trust also influences adoption, therefore, concepts of trust used in e-
commerce studies was also used in this research, which is trust of the internet and trust of government.
“Recent empirical studies (Pavlou and Gefen, 2004; Welch et al., 2005; Belanger and Carter, 2008)
have supported that relational characteristics such as trust in the institution who directly or indirectly
provides new technology service positively influence users' adoption” (Lee et al., 2011: 223).
Furthermore, based on the literature review, it was also found that trust of internet, trust of e-
government and its services are creating a barrier between using it or not (Colesca, 2009; Al-Rashidi,
2010). As mentioned earlier “bad personal experiences, and news of large scale computerisation
failures or inadequacies, may reinforce distrust or reduce a high level of trust in Internet and in the
agencies that use them” Colesca (2009: 34).
Looking at the aforementioned discussion and reason listed, the researcher decided to use constructs
from the 4 theories mentioned previously, which are DOI, TAM, DTPB and Web trust models in this
research.
2.7.5 Demographic Constructs
This research also considered demographic factors, such as age, gender, education, income and internet
experience and whether they had any effect on the actual use and adoption of the e-services. This was
on the basis that demographic and social factors are viewed as critical when determining the
acceptance of online services as they emphasise user behaviour (Karjaluoto et al., 2002;
Jaruwachirathanakul and Fink, 2005; Schuppan, 2009). Particularly, “age, gender, education, income
distribution, language diversity and the percentage of the population living in rural areas” are seen as
important when considering demographic factors (Schuppan, 2009: 122). This research did not
consider language as a demographic factor because the current e-services in ADPF are available in 2
different languages, which are Arabic or English.
In conclusion every study has different aims and needs, a lot of models with different constructs have
been used in literature. However, the researcher should predict and understand what is more suitable
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