Eye for an Eye: The Role of Armed Resistance ... - Freedom Archives

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8 . Clayborne Carson, In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awa&ning of e 1960's_ (Cambridge, Mass : Harvard University Press, ), 23 . 9 . Ibid,23 . 10 . Bob Moses, interview by the author ; Carson, In Struggle 39-42 . 11 . Forman, Black Revolutionaries . 147-149. 12. Ibid, 174 ; Mary King, Freedom Song,: A Personal Story of the 1960s Civil RightsMovement . (New York: Quill, 1987), 103-104 . In Forman's autobiographical account of his involvement in SNCC, he recalls participating in an armed watch of the home of Monroe, North Carolina, NAACP activist Robert Williams in 1961 . 13 . Michael Flug, interview by the author, June 24, 1994, Jackson, Mississippi . 14 . King, Freedom Song, 90-91 . 15 . Eric Burner, And Gently He Shall Lead Them: Robert Parris Moses and Civil Rights in Mississippi . (New York : New York University Press, 1994), 27-31 ; Amzie Moore interviewed by Howell Raines, My Soul is Rested, 233-237 ; Askia Toure interviewed by the author, Atlanta, Georgia, September 3, 1995. 16 . Burner, Gently Ek Shall Lead. 30 31 ; Dittmer, Local People, 103 . 17 . Bob Moses, interview by the author ; Carson, In Struggle. 41-42 ; Dittmer, Kcal People . 107 18 . Timothy Jenkins and Lonnie King, interviewed in Howell Raines,& Soul is Rested, 27-231 ; Dittmer, Local People , 120. 19. Dittmer, al People . 99-100 ; Mendelsohn, The Martyrs . 24 20 . MacArthur Cotton, interview by the author ; Mendelsohn, TheMamrs. 24. 21 . Charles Cobb, interview by the author, Washington, D.C., August 1994 ; Charles Cobb interviewed by Tom Dent, Washington, D.C ., February 11, 1983 ; MacArthur Cotton interview with the author; Carolyn Rickerd, "Amzte Farmer Fought for Something `Worth Dying For' Enterprise-Journal . Sunday, December 123
9, 1984, 1-B- 10B ; Chuck McDew interviewed by Katherine M . Shannon, 1967, Washington, D.C ., Howard University Civil Rights Documentation Project. 22 . King, Freedom Son& 318, Moses, interview by the author. On another occasion in Greenwood, Mississippi, Moses would debate with local Blacks about the necessity of nonviolence . This seems to be the only case where he attempted to convince local (non-SNCC) Blacks to be non violent. 23 Mendelsohn, The Martyrs. 24-25, 28-38 ; Dittmer, Local People . 109-110. 24 . Ed Cole, interview by the author. 25 . Hollis Watkins, interview by the author, tape recording, July 13, 1994, Jackson, Mississippi ; Hollis Watkins interviewed by Tom Dent, November 3, 1979, Jackson, Mississippi . 26 . Joe Martin, interview by author, tape recording, July 1994, McComb, Mississippi ; Watkins, interviewed by Dent ; Dittmer,Lode, 107-108, 110-115 . 27 . Howard Zinn, SNCC : The New !Abolitionists . (Boston : Beacon Press, 1965), 102-103 ; Dittmer, focal People,179-180. 28 . "Vernon Dahmer Memorial, July 26, 1986," Vernon Dahmer File, University of Southern Mississippi (USM) Archives ; "Black Community Leader Killed in KIan Bombing, Hattiesburg, Mississippi," Vernon Dahmer File, USM Archives ; Payne, Light of Freedom . 64 . 29. Watkins, interviewed by Dent; Payne, Light of Freedom. 128-129 . 30 . Watkins, interview by the author; Ellie Jewel Dahmer, interview with the author, tape recording, July 1994, Kelly's Settlement, Mississippi . 31 . Dittmer, Local People, 118-119 . 32 . Carson, In Struggle. 79, 80-81, 84-86 ; Willie Peacock interviewed by Tom Dent, November 2, 1979, Greenwood, Mississippi . 33 . Carson, 86 ; Forman, Black Revolutionaries_. 296 ; Peacock interviewed by Dent . 124
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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This is an authorized facsimile, ma
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ABSTRACT Although, the Civil Rights
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Light and Power on their spirits Mo
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Ch
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armed resistance in Black struggle
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Review of the Literature The Litera
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from advocates of armed self-defens
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the Movement. Each of these authors
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whom were committed to and practice
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and enforced against Black humanity
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transcript" of insurgency that has
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Chapter One: Historic Armed Black R
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to Kongolese armies. The use of arm
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people who were antagonistic to the
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nation, and to promise Africans fre
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coons to chattel status. Rather tha
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South legal . The Seminoles prepare
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more than slaves or mercenaries . A
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maroons, calling themselves the "Ki
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Adams county, Mississippi, in 1861
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The same year abolitionist and fugi
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separate Black army with its own "c
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soldiers defended their sisters and
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Southern whites were not willing to
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die where they stood before they wo
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teers throughout Hinds county. Real
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supremacy was not secure without th
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hours . While in each case there we
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of Alabama, to be armed at their me
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initiated gunfire after hearing rum
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apists . In February of 1948, Mrs.
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U .S . Army, was known as a sharpsh
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11 . Kenneth Wiggins Porter, The Ne
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31 . Edwin S. Redkey, AGrand Army o
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North Carolina Press, 19903, 44-45
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in the Age of Jim C,Eow, states tha
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S 1,614 for whites . Close to two-t
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ers his father would not allow him
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ist mob continued their intimidatio
Page 83 and 84: unit designed after the Mau Mau of
Page 85 and 86: the 1954 U .S . Supreme Court decis
Page 87 and 88: he refused to persuade the thirty r
Page 89 and 90: Meredith to "Ole Miss." Because of
Page 91 and 92: eturned home around midnight . Myrl
Page 93 and 94: 11 . C.O . Chinn, interview by the
Page 95 and 96: crime . He was abducted by a mob of
Page 97 and 98: Chapter Three: The Non-Violent Move
Page 99 and 100: as the popular leader of this new o
Page 101 and 102: ments for protest based on moral an
Page 103 and 104: ticed some form of self-defense cov
Page 105 and 106: and NAACP organizer. Moore had assi
Page 107 and 108: On Moore's recommendation, Moses fi
Page 109 and 110: house, under pillows, under chairs
Page 111 and 112: lacks to challenge Amite's white po
Page 113 and 114: including Medgar Evers and Roy Wilk
Page 115 and 116: practice of self-defense . To warn
Page 117 and 118: Mississippi officials, charging the
Page 119 and 120: Anyone participating in the march h
Page 121 and 122: and harassed, local police did not
Page 123 and 124: Blacks alike were amazed that the g
Page 125 and 126: ase for SNCCICOFO and the Mississip
Page 127 and 128: with its own identity in the state
Page 129 and 130: military soured after Chinn openly
Page 131 and 132: Besides this group of protective gu
Page 133: for younger activists to challenge
Page 137 and 138: 47 . Ibid, 178-179 ; Dennis, interv
Page 139 and 140: demonstrate that disenfranchised Mi
Page 141 and 142: franchised Black voters, the organi
Page 143 and 144: themselves and advising SNCC activi
Page 145 and 146: massacre as implied by Hall . Other
Page 147 and 148: to be a force in the Southern movem
Page 149 and 150: CORE also was engaged in debate con
Page 151 and 152: Schwerner, and one Freedom Summer v
Page 153 and 154: Goodman . Another element of this c
Page 155 and 156: Black history, Movement politics, a
Page 157 and 158: Harmony school and bused Harmony's
Page 159 and 160: economic arena was also displayed i
Page 161 and 162: on, in Brown's words, the "organiza
Page 163 and 164: There was a fine line . There was a
Page 165 and 166: (formerly known as Stokley Carmicha
Page 167 and 168: Union Baptist Church, led by its pa
Page 169 and 170: terrorist violence was initiated by
Page 171 and 172: Reeves family had a history of bein
Page 173 and 174: and Movement activists of McComb .
Page 175 and 176: friend by pretending he was only pa
Page 177 and 178: and cohesiveness of each community.
Page 179 and 180: lenge the credentials of the segreg
Page 181 and 182: 5 . Hollis Watkins, interviewed in
Page 183 and 184: 28 . Dovie Hudson, interviewed in B
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56 . Bob Moses, interview by the au
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turn followed a different posture t
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cials were uneasy about Charles bec
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Cooper stated " We had 30.06. We ha
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Charles Evers's stated: He encourag
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the boycott. Arange of coercive tac
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thereby silenced and neutralized by
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crushed when a police car led a Kla
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Robert Williams . Thomas had read a
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of the Deacons in Bogulusa. The lea
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McKeithen also called for negotiati
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settlers . Natchez was the hub for
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would spark an acceleration of acti
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Even though the police officers wer
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U.S . Constitution [including the S
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e known, you better figure on dying
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situation that day: These pecker wo
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of the Deacons capabilities, provid
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unless City government acted favora
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Black community to enforce its deci
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claiming victory , announcing the m
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teams to enforce the boyott1 In Cla
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argument between Shields, and a whi
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Jackson also led to near uprising b
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implementing the Natchez model, Rud
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Okolona, Tupelo, and Byhalia. The U
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18 . Porter, Interview with Deacon
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44 . Ibid ; Young, interview by aut
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73 . Ibid. 74 . James Scott, interv
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CONCLUSION ". . ..the armed liberat
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existence of armed resistance in th
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Some may argue that the evidence pr
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ofthe Movement and doesn't apprecia
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it was necessary for the Black comm
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the white power structure but also
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Significance of "Eye forAn Eye" It
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4 . Comel West, Progb= Deliverance
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Herman Leach, July 30,1994, Yazoo C
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Correspondence Letter from Sundiata
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Carson, Clayborne, et al. The Eyes
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Jordan, Winthrop, Tumult and Silenc
Page 267 and 268:
Payne, Charles, 1've Got the Light
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DissertationslTheses Barksdale, Mar
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