Eye for an Eye: The Role of Armed Resistance ... - Freedom Archives

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the Negro in America. (New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1948), 63-66, J. Sakai, Settlers : The Mythology of the White-proletariat= (Chicago: Morningstar Press, 1989), 17-19 . 20 . Eugene Genovese, Rebellion to Revolution : Afro-American Slave Revolt in the Making of the New World . (New York: Vintage, 1981), 15-16 ; Cottrol and Diamond, "Afro-Americanist Reconsideration," 335-339 ; Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment. (New York : Collier, 1962), 35 . 21 . Genovese, Rebellion to Revolution , 45 . 22 . Winthrop Jordan, Tumult and Silence at Second Creek An Inquiry into a Civil War Slave Conspiracy (Baton Rogue: Louisiana State University Press, 1993), 4- 5; William Katz, Breaking the Chains African-American Slave Resistance, (New York : Atheneum, 1990), 143-144 . 23 . Katz, Breaking the Chains . 160-162 . 24. Higginson, Black Regiment , 15, 18 . 25 . Howard C. Westwood, Black Troops . White Commanders . Rod Freedmen During the Civil War. (Carbondale, Ill . : Southern Illinois University Press, 1992), 29 . 26 . Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth. (New York : Grove Press, 1968), 94 . 27 . Leon Litwak, Been in the Storm So Lone : The Aftermath of Slavery. (New York : Vintage, 1980), 64. 28 . lbid, 72. 29 . Ibid, 94 . 30 . Ibid, 93-94 ; Ann Petry, Harriet Tubman : Conductor on the Underground Railroad . (New York : Pocket, 1991), 204; Sarah Bradford, Harriet Tubman : The Moses of Her People . (Bedford, Mass . : Applewood, 18B6),98-102 .
31 . Edwin S. Redkey, AGrand Army of Black Men . (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992 ), 95-96; Litwak, Been in the Storm, 64-65 32 . Frank A. Rollin, Life and Public Services of Martin R Delany (Boston : Lee and Shepard, 1883), 141-144, 166-168, 200-202,209-226; Victor Ullman, Martin R. Delany : the Beginnings of Black Nationalism . (Boston : Beacon Press, 1971), 287, 288, 292-293; Litwak, Been in the Storm, 86-87 . 33 . Aptheker, American Negro Slave Revolts , 359-367 . 34 . Martin Fletcher, "The Negro Volunteer in Reconstruction, 1865-66," Mi ita_ Affairs 32, (Oecember 1968), 124-31 . 35 . Edward Magdol, "Martin R. Delaney Counsels Freedman, July 23, 1865," Joumal of Negro History 56, (October 1971), 303-309 . 36 . Martin E . Dann, The Black Press 1827 - 1890. (New York : G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1971), 88 89 . 37 . Harding, There is a River' . 302-306. 38 . Fletcher, "Negro Volunteer" 127-130 . 39 . James S. Allen, Reconstruction : The Battle for Democracy: (New York : International Publishers, 1937), 43 . 40 . Russell Duncan, Freedom's Shore: Tunis Campbell and the Georgia Freedmen. (Athens, University of Georgia, 1986), 23-31 ; Edward Magdol, Right to Land : Essays on the Freedmen's Community. (Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 19773, 104; Harding, There is a River, 270 271 . 41 . Allen, Reconstruction. 63-65 . 42 . Ibid, 65-67;W.E .B.DuBois, Black Reconstruction in Ameljca, (Cleveland : Meridian Books, 19164) ; 409,434 ; Harding, There is a River, 322-323, Magdol . Right to Land . 143-144. 43 . Ken Lawrence, "The Story of Charles Caldwell," Charles Caldwell Centenial Marc (Souvenir Map) . (Bolton, Mississippi : Bolton Bicentennial Project . 1975) ; Buford Satcher, Blacks in Mississippi Politics 1865-1900. (Washington .
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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This is an authorized facsimile, ma
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ABSTRACT Although, the Civil Rights
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Light and Power on their spirits Mo
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Ch
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armed resistance in Black struggle
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Review of the Literature The Litera
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from advocates of armed self-defens
Page 19 and 20: the Movement. Each of these authors
Page 21 and 22: whom were committed to and practice
Page 23 and 24: and enforced against Black humanity
Page 25 and 26: transcript" of insurgency that has
Page 27 and 28: Chapter One: Historic Armed Black R
Page 29 and 30: to Kongolese armies. The use of arm
Page 31 and 32: people who were antagonistic to the
Page 33 and 34: nation, and to promise Africans fre
Page 35 and 36: coons to chattel status. Rather tha
Page 37 and 38: South legal . The Seminoles prepare
Page 39 and 40: more than slaves or mercenaries . A
Page 41 and 42: maroons, calling themselves the "Ki
Page 43 and 44: Adams county, Mississippi, in 1861
Page 45 and 46: The same year abolitionist and fugi
Page 47 and 48: separate Black army with its own "c
Page 49 and 50: soldiers defended their sisters and
Page 51 and 52: Southern whites were not willing to
Page 53 and 54: die where they stood before they wo
Page 55 and 56: teers throughout Hinds county. Real
Page 57 and 58: supremacy was not secure without th
Page 59 and 60: hours . While in each case there we
Page 61 and 62: of Alabama, to be armed at their me
Page 63 and 64: initiated gunfire after hearing rum
Page 65 and 66: apists . In February of 1948, Mrs.
Page 67 and 68: U .S . Army, was known as a sharpsh
Page 69: 11 . Kenneth Wiggins Porter, The Ne
Page 73 and 74: North Carolina Press, 19903, 44-45
Page 75 and 76: in the Age of Jim C,Eow, states tha
Page 77 and 78: S 1,614 for whites . Close to two-t
Page 79 and 80: ers his father would not allow him
Page 81 and 82: ist mob continued their intimidatio
Page 83 and 84: unit designed after the Mau Mau of
Page 85 and 86: the 1954 U .S . Supreme Court decis
Page 87 and 88: he refused to persuade the thirty r
Page 89 and 90: Meredith to "Ole Miss." Because of
Page 91 and 92: eturned home around midnight . Myrl
Page 93 and 94: 11 . C.O . Chinn, interview by the
Page 95 and 96: crime . He was abducted by a mob of
Page 97 and 98: Chapter Three: The Non-Violent Move
Page 99 and 100: as the popular leader of this new o
Page 101 and 102: ments for protest based on moral an
Page 103 and 104: ticed some form of self-defense cov
Page 105 and 106: and NAACP organizer. Moore had assi
Page 107 and 108: On Moore's recommendation, Moses fi
Page 109 and 110: house, under pillows, under chairs
Page 111 and 112: lacks to challenge Amite's white po
Page 113 and 114: including Medgar Evers and Roy Wilk
Page 115 and 116: practice of self-defense . To warn
Page 117 and 118: Mississippi officials, charging the
Page 119 and 120: Anyone participating in the march h
Page 121 and 122:
and harassed, local police did not
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Blacks alike were amazed that the g
Page 125 and 126:
ase for SNCCICOFO and the Mississip
Page 127 and 128:
with its own identity in the state
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military soured after Chinn openly
Page 131 and 132:
Besides this group of protective gu
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for younger activists to challenge
Page 135 and 136:
9, 1984, 1-B- 10B ; Chuck McDew int
Page 137 and 138:
47 . Ibid, 178-179 ; Dennis, interv
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demonstrate that disenfranchised Mi
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franchised Black voters, the organi
Page 143 and 144:
themselves and advising SNCC activi
Page 145 and 146:
massacre as implied by Hall . Other
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to be a force in the Southern movem
Page 149 and 150:
CORE also was engaged in debate con
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Schwerner, and one Freedom Summer v
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Goodman . Another element of this c
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Black history, Movement politics, a
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Harmony school and bused Harmony's
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economic arena was also displayed i
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on, in Brown's words, the "organiza
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There was a fine line . There was a
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(formerly known as Stokley Carmicha
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Union Baptist Church, led by its pa
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terrorist violence was initiated by
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Reeves family had a history of bein
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and Movement activists of McComb .
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friend by pretending he was only pa
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and cohesiveness of each community.
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lenge the credentials of the segreg
Page 181 and 182:
5 . Hollis Watkins, interviewed in
Page 183 and 184:
28 . Dovie Hudson, interviewed in B
Page 185 and 186:
56 . Bob Moses, interview by the au
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turn followed a different posture t
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cials were uneasy about Charles bec
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Cooper stated " We had 30.06. We ha
Page 193 and 194:
Charles Evers's stated: He encourag
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the boycott. Arange of coercive tac
Page 197 and 198:
thereby silenced and neutralized by
Page 199 and 200:
crushed when a police car led a Kla
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Robert Williams . Thomas had read a
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of the Deacons in Bogulusa. The lea
Page 205 and 206:
McKeithen also called for negotiati
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settlers . Natchez was the hub for
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would spark an acceleration of acti
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Even though the police officers wer
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U.S . Constitution [including the S
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e known, you better figure on dying
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situation that day: These pecker wo
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of the Deacons capabilities, provid
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unless City government acted favora
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Black community to enforce its deci
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claiming victory , announcing the m
Page 227 and 228:
teams to enforce the boyott1 In Cla
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argument between Shields, and a whi
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Jackson also led to near uprising b
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implementing the Natchez model, Rud
Page 235 and 236:
Okolona, Tupelo, and Byhalia. The U
Page 237 and 238:
18 . Porter, Interview with Deacon
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44 . Ibid ; Young, interview by aut
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73 . Ibid. 74 . James Scott, interv
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CONCLUSION ". . ..the armed liberat
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existence of armed resistance in th
Page 247 and 248:
Some may argue that the evidence pr
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ofthe Movement and doesn't apprecia
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it was necessary for the Black comm
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the white power structure but also
Page 255 and 256:
Significance of "Eye forAn Eye" It
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4 . Comel West, Progb= Deliverance
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Herman Leach, July 30,1994, Yazoo C
Page 261 and 262:
Correspondence Letter from Sundiata
Page 263 and 264:
Carson, Clayborne, et al. The Eyes
Page 265 and 266:
Jordan, Winthrop, Tumult and Silenc
Page 267 and 268:
Payne, Charles, 1've Got the Light
Page 269 and 270:
DissertationslTheses Barksdale, Mar
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