Eye for an Eye: The Role of Armed Resistance ... - Freedom Archives

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how this tradition continued in Mississippi in the freedom struggle that intensified in the mid-1960's . 1 . John Blassingame, Slave Community. (New York : Oxford University Press, 1972),4-5 . 2 . John K . Thornton, "African Soldiers in the Haitian Revolution," Journal of Caribbean History. Vol . 25, No. 1 &2 (1991) : 58-80. 3 . Daniel P Mannix and Malcolm Cowley, Black Cargoes : A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1518- 1865 . (New York : Penguin Books, 1976), 9-10, 17-21, 167-168 . 4 . John K . Thornton, "African Dimensions of the Stono Rebellion," American Historical Review. Vol . 96, No. 4, (October 1991) : 1101-1112 . 5 . Gwendolyn Midlo Hall, Africans in Colonial Louisiana The Development of an Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century. (Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press, 1992), 42-44, 97-118 . 6 . Herbert Aptheker, "Maroons Within the Present Limits of the United States," Journal of Negro , 24 (1939) : 167-184. 7 . Herbert Aptheker, American Negro Slave Revolts . (New York : International Publishers, 1969), 163 ; Richard Price, Maroon Societies : Rebel Slave Societies in the Americas . (Garden City, N.Y : Anchor Books), 149 ; William Katz, Black Indians . (New York: Atheneum, 1986), 22-26 ; Peter H . Wood, Black Majority : Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion . (New York : W W. Norton, 19743, 3-4 . 8 . Katz, Black Indians . 28, 105-109 . 9 . Ibid ., 3, 39-42 . 10 . Hall, Africans in Colonial Louisiana. 100-104 ; Katz, Black Indians . 107 .
11 . Kenneth Wiggins Porter, The Negro on the American Frontier. (New York : Arno Press, 1971), 185-186 ; Imari Obadele, America the Nation-State : The Politics of the United States from a State-Building Pers ctive . (Baton Rouge : House of Songhay, 1991), 113-116 ; 1.0. Wright, "Dispatches of Spanish Officials Bearing on the Free Negro Settlement of Gracial Real de Santa Teresa de Mose, Florida" Journal of Negro History, (April 1924) : 144 -231 ; Virginia Bergman Peters, The Florida Wars . (New York : Archon Books, 1979), 31, 149 ; Wood, Black Myon; tar. 305-314. 12 . Vincent Harding, There is a River : The Black Struggle for Freedom in America. (New York : Vintage Books, 1981), 63-65 ; Porter, Negro on the Frontier, 213-220 ; Obadele, America the Nation-State , 121-124, Aptheker, Negro Slave Revolts, 259, Katz, Black Indians , 53-55 . 13 . Kenneth Wiggins Porter, "Florida Slaves and Free Negroes in the Seminole War, 1835-1842," Journal of Negro istorv. Vol . XXVM, (October 1943) : 400 . 14 . Porter, Ibid ., 390-395,401-403 ; Porter, Negroon the Frontier. 208-237 ; Obadele, America the Nation-State : 109-111, 124-126, Katz, Black Indians . 50-59. 15 . Porter, "Negroes in the Seminole War," 390-421 ; Porter, Negro on .the FrontieL 238-258 ; Berry, Black Resistance, 53-65 ; Obadele, America the Nation-State, 125-126 ; Harding, There is a River, 108-111, Katz, Black Indians . 59-69, 73-75 ; Charles M . Hudson, Four Centuries of Southern Indians . (Athens- University of Georgia Press, 1975), 160 ; 16 . Katz, Black Indians . 106 . 17 . Robert J . Cottrol and Raymond Diamond, "The Second Amendment: Towards an Afro Americanist Reconsideration," The Georgetown Law Journal . Vol . 80, No . 309, (1991) : 320-328 . 18 . Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the American Revolution . (Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, 1961), 27-29 . 19 . Ibid ., 149-152, 174 ; Herbert Aptheker, The Negro in the American Revolution . (New York : International Publishers, 1940), 16-21 ; John Hope Franklin and AlfredA . Moss, Jr., From Slavery to Freedom A History of Negro Americans (New York : McGraw-Hill, 1988), 69-71 ; Roi Ottley, Black Odyssey : The Story of
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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This is an authorized facsimile, ma
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ABSTRACT Although, the Civil Rights
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Light and Power on their spirits Mo
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Ch
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armed resistance in Black struggle
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Review of the Literature The Litera
Page 17 and 18: from advocates of armed self-defens
Page 19 and 20: the Movement. Each of these authors
Page 21 and 22: whom were committed to and practice
Page 23 and 24: and enforced against Black humanity
Page 25 and 26: transcript" of insurgency that has
Page 27 and 28: Chapter One: Historic Armed Black R
Page 29 and 30: to Kongolese armies. The use of arm
Page 31 and 32: people who were antagonistic to the
Page 33 and 34: nation, and to promise Africans fre
Page 35 and 36: coons to chattel status. Rather tha
Page 37 and 38: South legal . The Seminoles prepare
Page 39 and 40: more than slaves or mercenaries . A
Page 41 and 42: maroons, calling themselves the "Ki
Page 43 and 44: Adams county, Mississippi, in 1861
Page 45 and 46: The same year abolitionist and fugi
Page 47 and 48: separate Black army with its own "c
Page 49 and 50: soldiers defended their sisters and
Page 51 and 52: Southern whites were not willing to
Page 53 and 54: die where they stood before they wo
Page 55 and 56: teers throughout Hinds county. Real
Page 57 and 58: supremacy was not secure without th
Page 59 and 60: hours . While in each case there we
Page 61 and 62: of Alabama, to be armed at their me
Page 63 and 64: initiated gunfire after hearing rum
Page 65 and 66: apists . In February of 1948, Mrs.
Page 67: U .S . Army, was known as a sharpsh
Page 71 and 72: 31 . Edwin S. Redkey, AGrand Army o
Page 73 and 74: North Carolina Press, 19903, 44-45
Page 75 and 76: in the Age of Jim C,Eow, states tha
Page 77 and 78: S 1,614 for whites . Close to two-t
Page 79 and 80: ers his father would not allow him
Page 81 and 82: ist mob continued their intimidatio
Page 83 and 84: unit designed after the Mau Mau of
Page 85 and 86: the 1954 U .S . Supreme Court decis
Page 87 and 88: he refused to persuade the thirty r
Page 89 and 90: Meredith to "Ole Miss." Because of
Page 91 and 92: eturned home around midnight . Myrl
Page 93 and 94: 11 . C.O . Chinn, interview by the
Page 95 and 96: crime . He was abducted by a mob of
Page 97 and 98: Chapter Three: The Non-Violent Move
Page 99 and 100: as the popular leader of this new o
Page 101 and 102: ments for protest based on moral an
Page 103 and 104: ticed some form of self-defense cov
Page 105 and 106: and NAACP organizer. Moore had assi
Page 107 and 108: On Moore's recommendation, Moses fi
Page 109 and 110: house, under pillows, under chairs
Page 111 and 112: lacks to challenge Amite's white po
Page 113 and 114: including Medgar Evers and Roy Wilk
Page 115 and 116: practice of self-defense . To warn
Page 117 and 118: Mississippi officials, charging the
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Anyone participating in the march h
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and harassed, local police did not
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Blacks alike were amazed that the g
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ase for SNCCICOFO and the Mississip
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with its own identity in the state
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military soured after Chinn openly
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Besides this group of protective gu
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for younger activists to challenge
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9, 1984, 1-B- 10B ; Chuck McDew int
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47 . Ibid, 178-179 ; Dennis, interv
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demonstrate that disenfranchised Mi
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franchised Black voters, the organi
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themselves and advising SNCC activi
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massacre as implied by Hall . Other
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to be a force in the Southern movem
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CORE also was engaged in debate con
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Schwerner, and one Freedom Summer v
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Goodman . Another element of this c
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Black history, Movement politics, a
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Harmony school and bused Harmony's
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economic arena was also displayed i
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on, in Brown's words, the "organiza
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There was a fine line . There was a
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(formerly known as Stokley Carmicha
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Union Baptist Church, led by its pa
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terrorist violence was initiated by
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Reeves family had a history of bein
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and Movement activists of McComb .
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friend by pretending he was only pa
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and cohesiveness of each community.
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lenge the credentials of the segreg
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5 . Hollis Watkins, interviewed in
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28 . Dovie Hudson, interviewed in B
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56 . Bob Moses, interview by the au
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turn followed a different posture t
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cials were uneasy about Charles bec
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Cooper stated " We had 30.06. We ha
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Charles Evers's stated: He encourag
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the boycott. Arange of coercive tac
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thereby silenced and neutralized by
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crushed when a police car led a Kla
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Robert Williams . Thomas had read a
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of the Deacons in Bogulusa. The lea
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McKeithen also called for negotiati
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settlers . Natchez was the hub for
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would spark an acceleration of acti
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Even though the police officers wer
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U.S . Constitution [including the S
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e known, you better figure on dying
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situation that day: These pecker wo
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of the Deacons capabilities, provid
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unless City government acted favora
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Black community to enforce its deci
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claiming victory , announcing the m
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teams to enforce the boyott1 In Cla
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argument between Shields, and a whi
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Jackson also led to near uprising b
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implementing the Natchez model, Rud
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Okolona, Tupelo, and Byhalia. The U
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18 . Porter, Interview with Deacon
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44 . Ibid ; Young, interview by aut
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73 . Ibid. 74 . James Scott, interv
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CONCLUSION ". . ..the armed liberat
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existence of armed resistance in th
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Some may argue that the evidence pr
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ofthe Movement and doesn't apprecia
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it was necessary for the Black comm
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the white power structure but also
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Significance of "Eye forAn Eye" It
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4 . Comel West, Progb= Deliverance
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Herman Leach, July 30,1994, Yazoo C
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Correspondence Letter from Sundiata
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Carson, Clayborne, et al. The Eyes
Page 265 and 266:
Jordan, Winthrop, Tumult and Silenc
Page 267 and 268:
Payne, Charles, 1've Got the Light
Page 269 and 270:
DissertationslTheses Barksdale, Mar
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