Eye for an Eye: The Role of Armed Resistance ... - Freedom Archives

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1 . Andrew Marx and Tom Tullhill, "Mississippi Organizes: Resisting the Klan," Southern Exposure . Vol . VIII, No . 2, (Summer 1980), 74-75 . 2 . James Cott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance : Hidden Transcripts . (New Haven : Yale University Press, 1990), 14, 150-152.
Chapter One: Historic Armed Black Resistance : Establishing a Tradition The presentation of Black Southerners in popular culture, rarely represents a tradition of armed resistance . Images of docile slaves and terrorized sharecrop- pers reinforce the "happy darkie" mythology presented by apologists for the systems of chattel slavery and Jim Crow . The existence of armed resistance by Africans and their descendants in North America contradicts the myth of the "happy darkie ." While one must understand that the Black experience contains a spectrum of responses to slavery and oppression, it is clear armed resistance is a significant aspect of the Black experience in North America and in the South, in particular. Black armed resistance represents a continuum within the Black experience which goes back to the sixteenth century. Several factors are responsible for the development of this tradition . The continuity of the African traditions of warfare as well as influences from the Native American and Euro-American military traditions were significant agents in the development of this Black armed resistance . Most important is that the use of force has historically been a means of resistance for a people fighting against social oppression . In the context of responding to oppression in a society where there is a high level of violence and quantity and of guns, the use of violent force by oppressed groups should not come as a surprise . African Military Tradition and Resistance in North America One of the most important debates within the historiography of the Black
Page 1 and 2: Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
Page 3 and 4: This is an authorized facsimile, ma
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT Although, the Civil Rights
Page 7 and 8: Light and Power on their spirits Mo
Page 9 and 10: Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
Page 11 and 12: TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Ch
Page 13 and 14: armed resistance in Black struggle
Page 15 and 16: Review of the Literature The Litera
Page 17 and 18: from advocates of armed self-defens
Page 19 and 20: the Movement. Each of these authors
Page 21 and 22: whom were committed to and practice
Page 23 and 24: and enforced against Black humanity
Page 25: transcript" of insurgency that has
Page 29 and 30: to Kongolese armies. The use of arm
Page 31 and 32: people who were antagonistic to the
Page 33 and 34: nation, and to promise Africans fre
Page 35 and 36: coons to chattel status. Rather tha
Page 37 and 38: South legal . The Seminoles prepare
Page 39 and 40: more than slaves or mercenaries . A
Page 41 and 42: maroons, calling themselves the "Ki
Page 43 and 44: Adams county, Mississippi, in 1861
Page 45 and 46: The same year abolitionist and fugi
Page 47 and 48: separate Black army with its own "c
Page 49 and 50: soldiers defended their sisters and
Page 51 and 52: Southern whites were not willing to
Page 53 and 54: die where they stood before they wo
Page 55 and 56: teers throughout Hinds county. Real
Page 57 and 58: supremacy was not secure without th
Page 59 and 60: hours . While in each case there we
Page 61 and 62: of Alabama, to be armed at their me
Page 63 and 64: initiated gunfire after hearing rum
Page 65 and 66: apists . In February of 1948, Mrs.
Page 67 and 68: U .S . Army, was known as a sharpsh
Page 69 and 70: 11 . Kenneth Wiggins Porter, The Ne
Page 71 and 72: 31 . Edwin S. Redkey, AGrand Army o
Page 73 and 74: North Carolina Press, 19903, 44-45
Page 75 and 76: in the Age of Jim C,Eow, states tha
Page 77 and 78:
S 1,614 for whites . Close to two-t
Page 79 and 80:
ers his father would not allow him
Page 81 and 82:
ist mob continued their intimidatio
Page 83 and 84:
unit designed after the Mau Mau of
Page 85 and 86:
the 1954 U .S . Supreme Court decis
Page 87 and 88:
he refused to persuade the thirty r
Page 89 and 90:
Meredith to "Ole Miss." Because of
Page 91 and 92:
eturned home around midnight . Myrl
Page 93 and 94:
11 . C.O . Chinn, interview by the
Page 95 and 96:
crime . He was abducted by a mob of
Page 97 and 98:
Chapter Three: The Non-Violent Move
Page 99 and 100:
as the popular leader of this new o
Page 101 and 102:
ments for protest based on moral an
Page 103 and 104:
ticed some form of self-defense cov
Page 105 and 106:
and NAACP organizer. Moore had assi
Page 107 and 108:
On Moore's recommendation, Moses fi
Page 109 and 110:
house, under pillows, under chairs
Page 111 and 112:
lacks to challenge Amite's white po
Page 113 and 114:
including Medgar Evers and Roy Wilk
Page 115 and 116:
practice of self-defense . To warn
Page 117 and 118:
Mississippi officials, charging the
Page 119 and 120:
Anyone participating in the march h
Page 121 and 122:
and harassed, local police did not
Page 123 and 124:
Blacks alike were amazed that the g
Page 125 and 126:
ase for SNCCICOFO and the Mississip
Page 127 and 128:
with its own identity in the state
Page 129 and 130:
military soured after Chinn openly
Page 131 and 132:
Besides this group of protective gu
Page 133 and 134:
for younger activists to challenge
Page 135 and 136:
9, 1984, 1-B- 10B ; Chuck McDew int
Page 137 and 138:
47 . Ibid, 178-179 ; Dennis, interv
Page 139 and 140:
demonstrate that disenfranchised Mi
Page 141 and 142:
franchised Black voters, the organi
Page 143 and 144:
themselves and advising SNCC activi
Page 145 and 146:
massacre as implied by Hall . Other
Page 147 and 148:
to be a force in the Southern movem
Page 149 and 150:
CORE also was engaged in debate con
Page 151 and 152:
Schwerner, and one Freedom Summer v
Page 153 and 154:
Goodman . Another element of this c
Page 155 and 156:
Black history, Movement politics, a
Page 157 and 158:
Harmony school and bused Harmony's
Page 159 and 160:
economic arena was also displayed i
Page 161 and 162:
on, in Brown's words, the "organiza
Page 163 and 164:
There was a fine line . There was a
Page 165 and 166:
(formerly known as Stokley Carmicha
Page 167 and 168:
Union Baptist Church, led by its pa
Page 169 and 170:
terrorist violence was initiated by
Page 171 and 172:
Reeves family had a history of bein
Page 173 and 174:
and Movement activists of McComb .
Page 175 and 176:
friend by pretending he was only pa
Page 177 and 178:
and cohesiveness of each community.
Page 179 and 180:
lenge the credentials of the segreg
Page 181 and 182:
5 . Hollis Watkins, interviewed in
Page 183 and 184:
28 . Dovie Hudson, interviewed in B
Page 185 and 186:
56 . Bob Moses, interview by the au
Page 187 and 188:
turn followed a different posture t
Page 189 and 190:
cials were uneasy about Charles bec
Page 191 and 192:
Cooper stated " We had 30.06. We ha
Page 193 and 194:
Charles Evers's stated: He encourag
Page 195 and 196:
the boycott. Arange of coercive tac
Page 197 and 198:
thereby silenced and neutralized by
Page 199 and 200:
crushed when a police car led a Kla
Page 201 and 202:
Robert Williams . Thomas had read a
Page 203 and 204:
of the Deacons in Bogulusa. The lea
Page 205 and 206:
McKeithen also called for negotiati
Page 207 and 208:
settlers . Natchez was the hub for
Page 209 and 210:
would spark an acceleration of acti
Page 211 and 212:
Even though the police officers wer
Page 213 and 214:
U.S . Constitution [including the S
Page 215 and 216:
e known, you better figure on dying
Page 217 and 218:
situation that day: These pecker wo
Page 219 and 220:
of the Deacons capabilities, provid
Page 221 and 222:
unless City government acted favora
Page 223 and 224:
Black community to enforce its deci
Page 225 and 226:
claiming victory , announcing the m
Page 227 and 228:
teams to enforce the boyott1 In Cla
Page 229 and 230:
argument between Shields, and a whi
Page 231 and 232:
Jackson also led to near uprising b
Page 233 and 234:
implementing the Natchez model, Rud
Page 235 and 236:
Okolona, Tupelo, and Byhalia. The U
Page 237 and 238:
18 . Porter, Interview with Deacon
Page 239 and 240:
44 . Ibid ; Young, interview by aut
Page 241 and 242:
73 . Ibid. 74 . James Scott, interv
Page 243 and 244:
CONCLUSION ". . ..the armed liberat
Page 245 and 246:
existence of armed resistance in th
Page 247 and 248:
Some may argue that the evidence pr
Page 249 and 250:
ofthe Movement and doesn't apprecia
Page 251 and 252:
it was necessary for the Black comm
Page 253 and 254:
the white power structure but also
Page 255 and 256:
Significance of "Eye forAn Eye" It
Page 257 and 258:
4 . Comel West, Progb= Deliverance
Page 259 and 260:
Herman Leach, July 30,1994, Yazoo C
Page 261 and 262:
Correspondence Letter from Sundiata
Page 263 and 264:
Carson, Clayborne, et al. The Eyes
Page 265 and 266:
Jordan, Winthrop, Tumult and Silenc
Page 267 and 268:
Payne, Charles, 1've Got the Light
Page 269 and 270:
DissertationslTheses Barksdale, Mar
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