Eye for an Eye: The Role of Armed Resistance ... - Freedom Archives

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58 . "Board Rejects Demand", 1,9 . 59 . "Curfew Set from 10 pm to 5 am Effective Now", Natchez Democrat, September l, 1965, 1 ; "National Guardsmen in City as Aldermen Nix Demands", Natchez Democrat . September 3, 1965, 1 ; "Guard Keeps Natchez Peace, Negroes Call for Boycott", Jackson Daily News . September 3, 1965 . 60. "National Guardsmen in City", 1 . 61 . Dittmer, Local People. 355-358 . 62 . Ibid, 356 ; Evers, Evers . 134 . 63 Young, interview by author. 64 . Evers, Evers , 134. 65 . Young, interview by author. 66 . Cole, interview by author. 67 . Stokes, interview by author. 68 . Cole, interview by author. 69 . Stokes, interview by author; LiWe Brown, interview by author; Samuel Harden, interview by author, tape recording, October 1994, Woodville, Mississippi . 70. Emilye Crosby, "Common Courtesy:A Community Study of the Civil Rights Movement in Port Gibson, Mississippi"( unpublished manuscript), Chapter Two, 2 ; Regina Devoual and James Miller, 3 71 . George Walker, interview by author, tape recording, September 29, 1994, Port Gibson, Mississippi ; Emilye Crosby, "Common Courtesy : A Community Study of the Civil Rights Movement in Port Gibson, Mississippi", (dissertation prospectus), July 1993, Chapter Outline 1-2. 72 . George Walker, interview by author .
73 . Ibid. 74 . James Scott, interview by Emilye Crosby, tape recording, June 22, 1992, Port Gibson, Mississippi . 75 . George Walker, interview by author ; Herman Leach, interview by author, tape recording, 1994, Yazoo City, Mississippi . 76 . George Walker, interview by author ; Crosby, "Common Courtesy" . 77 . James Stokes, interview by author; "Deacons for the Defense and Justice, Incorporated", Federal Bureau of Investigation Racial Matters document, September 3, 1965, 1 -6 ; Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission (MSSC) report, June 20, 1965, Governor Paul Johnson papers, University of Southern Mississippi (USM) Archives, 1 ; MSSC document, August 24, 25, 1965, Governor Paul Johnson Papers, USM Archives, 1 ; MSSC document, August 27, 1965, Governor Paul Johnson papers, USM Archives, 1 ; Erle Johnston to Herman Glazer, "Deacon for Defense", MSSC memorandum, August 27, 1965, Governor Paul Johnson papers, USM Archives ; MSSC document, August 29, 1965, Governor Paul Johnson papers, USM Archives, 1-2 ; MS SC document, October 19, 1965, Governor Paul Johnson papers, USM Archives, 1, MSSC document, Jackson, Mississippi, December 3, 1965, Governor Paul Johnson papers, USM Archives, 1 . 78 . Ellie Dahmer, interview by author, tape recording, July 25, 1994, Kelly's Settlement, Mississippi ; "Malice Towards Some", Newsweek, April 11, 1966, 39- 40 ; "Nightriders Kill Mississippi Negro", New York Times. January 11, 1966 ; "Black Community Leader Killed in Klan Bombing, Hattiesburg, Mississippi", Vernon Dahmer file, USM Archives . 79 . "Nightriders Kill Mississippi Negro" . 80. "Leader Killed in Klan Bombing" ; W.F. Minor, "Rights Leader Buried in Mississippi", New Orleans Times Picayune . January 16, 1966, Section One, 2 . 81 . MSSC investigative report by A .I. ( Andy) Hopkins "Observation and Investigation in Hattiesburg, Forrest County, Mississippi, January 17 and 18", January 20, 1966, Governor Paul Johnson Papers, USM Archives, 1 ; Sam Simmons, interview by author, tape recording, July 25, 1994, Laurel, Mississippi ; Memorandum : From Lee Cole to E. Johnston, July 21, 1967, "Spying on Rudy Shields", Leesha Faulkner Civil Rights Collection .
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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This is an authorized facsimile, ma
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ABSTRACT Although, the Civil Rights
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Light and Power on their spirits Mo
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Ch
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armed resistance in Black struggle
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Review of the Literature The Litera
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from advocates of armed self-defens
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the Movement. Each of these authors
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whom were committed to and practice
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and enforced against Black humanity
Page 25 and 26:
transcript" of insurgency that has
Page 27 and 28:
Chapter One: Historic Armed Black R
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to Kongolese armies. The use of arm
Page 31 and 32:
people who were antagonistic to the
Page 33 and 34:
nation, and to promise Africans fre
Page 35 and 36:
coons to chattel status. Rather tha
Page 37 and 38:
South legal . The Seminoles prepare
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more than slaves or mercenaries . A
Page 41 and 42:
maroons, calling themselves the "Ki
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Adams county, Mississippi, in 1861
Page 45 and 46:
The same year abolitionist and fugi
Page 47 and 48:
separate Black army with its own "c
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soldiers defended their sisters and
Page 51 and 52:
Southern whites were not willing to
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die where they stood before they wo
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teers throughout Hinds county. Real
Page 57 and 58:
supremacy was not secure without th
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hours . While in each case there we
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of Alabama, to be armed at their me
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initiated gunfire after hearing rum
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apists . In February of 1948, Mrs.
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U .S . Army, was known as a sharpsh
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11 . Kenneth Wiggins Porter, The Ne
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31 . Edwin S. Redkey, AGrand Army o
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North Carolina Press, 19903, 44-45
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in the Age of Jim C,Eow, states tha
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S 1,614 for whites . Close to two-t
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ers his father would not allow him
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ist mob continued their intimidatio
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unit designed after the Mau Mau of
Page 85 and 86:
the 1954 U .S . Supreme Court decis
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he refused to persuade the thirty r
Page 89 and 90:
Meredith to "Ole Miss." Because of
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eturned home around midnight . Myrl
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11 . C.O . Chinn, interview by the
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crime . He was abducted by a mob of
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Chapter Three: The Non-Violent Move
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as the popular leader of this new o
Page 101 and 102:
ments for protest based on moral an
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ticed some form of self-defense cov
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and NAACP organizer. Moore had assi
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On Moore's recommendation, Moses fi
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house, under pillows, under chairs
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lacks to challenge Amite's white po
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including Medgar Evers and Roy Wilk
Page 115 and 116:
practice of self-defense . To warn
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Mississippi officials, charging the
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Anyone participating in the march h
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and harassed, local police did not
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Blacks alike were amazed that the g
Page 125 and 126:
ase for SNCCICOFO and the Mississip
Page 127 and 128:
with its own identity in the state
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military soured after Chinn openly
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Besides this group of protective gu
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for younger activists to challenge
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9, 1984, 1-B- 10B ; Chuck McDew int
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47 . Ibid, 178-179 ; Dennis, interv
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demonstrate that disenfranchised Mi
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franchised Black voters, the organi
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themselves and advising SNCC activi
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massacre as implied by Hall . Other
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to be a force in the Southern movem
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CORE also was engaged in debate con
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Schwerner, and one Freedom Summer v
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Goodman . Another element of this c
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Black history, Movement politics, a
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Harmony school and bused Harmony's
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economic arena was also displayed i
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on, in Brown's words, the "organiza
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There was a fine line . There was a
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(formerly known as Stokley Carmicha
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Union Baptist Church, led by its pa
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terrorist violence was initiated by
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Reeves family had a history of bein
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and Movement activists of McComb .
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friend by pretending he was only pa
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and cohesiveness of each community.
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lenge the credentials of the segreg
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5 . Hollis Watkins, interviewed in
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28 . Dovie Hudson, interviewed in B
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56 . Bob Moses, interview by the au
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turn followed a different posture t
Page 189 and 190: cials were uneasy about Charles bec
Page 191 and 192: Cooper stated " We had 30.06. We ha
Page 193 and 194: Charles Evers's stated: He encourag
Page 195 and 196: the boycott. Arange of coercive tac
Page 197 and 198: thereby silenced and neutralized by
Page 199 and 200: crushed when a police car led a Kla
Page 201 and 202: Robert Williams . Thomas had read a
Page 203 and 204: of the Deacons in Bogulusa. The lea
Page 205 and 206: McKeithen also called for negotiati
Page 207 and 208: settlers . Natchez was the hub for
Page 209 and 210: would spark an acceleration of acti
Page 211 and 212: Even though the police officers wer
Page 213 and 214: U.S . Constitution [including the S
Page 215 and 216: e known, you better figure on dying
Page 217 and 218: situation that day: These pecker wo
Page 219 and 220: of the Deacons capabilities, provid
Page 221 and 222: unless City government acted favora
Page 223 and 224: Black community to enforce its deci
Page 225 and 226: claiming victory , announcing the m
Page 227 and 228: teams to enforce the boyott1 In Cla
Page 229 and 230: argument between Shields, and a whi
Page 231 and 232: Jackson also led to near uprising b
Page 233 and 234: implementing the Natchez model, Rud
Page 235 and 236: Okolona, Tupelo, and Byhalia. The U
Page 237 and 238: 18 . Porter, Interview with Deacon
Page 239: 44 . Ibid ; Young, interview by aut
Page 243 and 244: CONCLUSION ". . ..the armed liberat
Page 245 and 246: existence of armed resistance in th
Page 247 and 248: Some may argue that the evidence pr
Page 249 and 250: ofthe Movement and doesn't apprecia
Page 251 and 252: it was necessary for the Black comm
Page 253 and 254: the white power structure but also
Page 255 and 256: Significance of "Eye forAn Eye" It
Page 257 and 258: 4 . Comel West, Progb= Deliverance
Page 259 and 260: Herman Leach, July 30,1994, Yazoo C
Page 261 and 262: Correspondence Letter from Sundiata
Page 263 and 264: Carson, Clayborne, et al. The Eyes
Page 265 and 266: Jordan, Winthrop, Tumult and Silenc
Page 267 and 268: Payne, Charles, 1've Got the Light
Page 269 and 270: DissertationslTheses Barksdale, Mar
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