Eye for an Eye: The Role of Armed Resistance ... - Freedom Archives

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Sellers, Cleveland and Robert Terrell, The River ofNo Return . Jackson, MS : University Press of Mississippi, 1990 . Shapiro, Herbert, White Violence and Black Response: From Reconstruction to Montgomery . Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 1988 . Silver, James W., Mississippi. The Closed Society . New York : Harcourt - Brace, 1964 . Tilley, Nannie, The R .I. Reynolds Tobacco Company . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985 . Ullman, Victor, Martin R. Delaney: The Beginnings ofBlack Nationalism . Boston: Beacon Press, 1971 . Von Hoffman, Nicholas, Mississippi Notebook . New York: David White, 1964 . Westwood, Howard C ., Black Troops, White Commanders, and Freedmen during the Civil War . Carbondale, IL : Southern Illinois University Press, 1992 . White, Walter, A Man Called White. New York : Viking Press, 1948. Whitfield, Stephen, Death in the Delta: The Story ofEmmet Till . New York : The Free Press, 1988 . Wood, Peter H., Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolinafrom 1670 through the Stono Rebellion . New York: W.W. Norton, 1974. Work, Monroe N ., Negro Year Book 1931-1932 . Tuskegee, AL: Tuskegee Institute Press, 1931 . Youth of the Rural Organizing and Cultural Center, Minds Stayed on Freedom : The Civil Rights Struggle in the Rural South - an Oral History . Boulder, CO : Westview Press, 1991 . Zinn, Howard, SNCC. The New Abolitionists. Boston : Beacon Press, 1965 . 257
DissertationslTheses Barksdale, Marcellus, "The Indigenous Civil Rights Movement and Cultural Change in North Carolina: Weldon, Chapel Hill and Monroe: 1946- 1965," (Ph.D . Dissertation), Duke University, 1977 . Crosby, Emilye, "Common Courtesy: A Community Study of the Civil Rights Movement in Port Gibson, Mississippi," (Ph.D. Dissertation), University of Indiana, 1995 . Korstad, Robert. "Daybreak of Freedom : Tobacco Workers and the CIO, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 1943-1950," (Ph.D . Dissertation), University of North Carolina, Chapel HUI,1987. Shadron, Virginia . "Popular Protest and Legal Authority in Post - World War II Georgia : Race, Class, and Gender Politics in the Rosa Ingram Case" (Ph.D. Dissertation), Emory University, 1991 . Stanford, Maxwell C., "Revolutionary Action Movement: A Case Study of an Urban Revolutionary Movement in Western Society," (Masters Thesis), Atlanta University, May 1986. Wallace, Jesse Thomas . "A History of the Negroes of Mississippi from 1865 to 1980." (Ph.D . Dissertation), Columbia University, 1927. Woods, William Leon. "The Travail of Freedom: Mississippi Blacks 1862- 1870" (Ph.D. Dissertation), Ann Arbor. University Microfilms International, 1979 . Journal Articles Aptheker, Herbert, "Maroons Within the Present Limits of the United States," Journal of Negro History, 24 1939,167-184 . Beeler, Dorothy, "Race Riot in Columbia, Tennessee: February 25-27,1946," Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Vol . XXXIX No . 1, Spring, 1983, 49-61
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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This is an authorized facsimile, ma
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ABSTRACT Although, the Civil Rights
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Light and Power on their spirits Mo
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Ch
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armed resistance in Black struggle
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Review of the Literature The Litera
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from advocates of armed self-defens
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the Movement. Each of these authors
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whom were committed to and practice
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and enforced against Black humanity
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transcript" of insurgency that has
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Chapter One: Historic Armed Black R
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to Kongolese armies. The use of arm
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people who were antagonistic to the
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nation, and to promise Africans fre
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coons to chattel status. Rather tha
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South legal . The Seminoles prepare
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more than slaves or mercenaries . A
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maroons, calling themselves the "Ki
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Adams county, Mississippi, in 1861
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The same year abolitionist and fugi
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separate Black army with its own "c
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soldiers defended their sisters and
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Southern whites were not willing to
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die where they stood before they wo
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teers throughout Hinds county. Real
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supremacy was not secure without th
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hours . While in each case there we
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of Alabama, to be armed at their me
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initiated gunfire after hearing rum
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apists . In February of 1948, Mrs.
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U .S . Army, was known as a sharpsh
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11 . Kenneth Wiggins Porter, The Ne
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31 . Edwin S. Redkey, AGrand Army o
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North Carolina Press, 19903, 44-45
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in the Age of Jim C,Eow, states tha
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S 1,614 for whites . Close to two-t
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ers his father would not allow him
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ist mob continued their intimidatio
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unit designed after the Mau Mau of
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the 1954 U .S . Supreme Court decis
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he refused to persuade the thirty r
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Meredith to "Ole Miss." Because of
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eturned home around midnight . Myrl
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11 . C.O . Chinn, interview by the
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crime . He was abducted by a mob of
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Chapter Three: The Non-Violent Move
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as the popular leader of this new o
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ments for protest based on moral an
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ticed some form of self-defense cov
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and NAACP organizer. Moore had assi
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On Moore's recommendation, Moses fi
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house, under pillows, under chairs
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lacks to challenge Amite's white po
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including Medgar Evers and Roy Wilk
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practice of self-defense . To warn
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Mississippi officials, charging the
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Anyone participating in the march h
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and harassed, local police did not
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Blacks alike were amazed that the g
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ase for SNCCICOFO and the Mississip
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with its own identity in the state
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military soured after Chinn openly
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Besides this group of protective gu
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for younger activists to challenge
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9, 1984, 1-B- 10B ; Chuck McDew int
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47 . Ibid, 178-179 ; Dennis, interv
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demonstrate that disenfranchised Mi
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franchised Black voters, the organi
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themselves and advising SNCC activi
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massacre as implied by Hall . Other
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to be a force in the Southern movem
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CORE also was engaged in debate con
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Schwerner, and one Freedom Summer v
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Goodman . Another element of this c
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Black history, Movement politics, a
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Harmony school and bused Harmony's
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economic arena was also displayed i
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on, in Brown's words, the "organiza
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There was a fine line . There was a
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(formerly known as Stokley Carmicha
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Union Baptist Church, led by its pa
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terrorist violence was initiated by
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Reeves family had a history of bein
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and Movement activists of McComb .
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friend by pretending he was only pa
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and cohesiveness of each community.
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lenge the credentials of the segreg
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5 . Hollis Watkins, interviewed in
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28 . Dovie Hudson, interviewed in B
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56 . Bob Moses, interview by the au
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turn followed a different posture t
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cials were uneasy about Charles bec
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Cooper stated " We had 30.06. We ha
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Charles Evers's stated: He encourag
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the boycott. Arange of coercive tac
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thereby silenced and neutralized by
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crushed when a police car led a Kla
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Robert Williams . Thomas had read a
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of the Deacons in Bogulusa. The lea
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McKeithen also called for negotiati
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settlers . Natchez was the hub for
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would spark an acceleration of acti
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Even though the police officers wer
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U.S . Constitution [including the S
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e known, you better figure on dying
Page 217 and 218: situation that day: These pecker wo
Page 219 and 220: of the Deacons capabilities, provid
Page 221 and 222: unless City government acted favora
Page 223 and 224: Black community to enforce its deci
Page 225 and 226: claiming victory , announcing the m
Page 227 and 228: teams to enforce the boyott1 In Cla
Page 229 and 230: argument between Shields, and a whi
Page 231 and 232: Jackson also led to near uprising b
Page 233 and 234: implementing the Natchez model, Rud
Page 235 and 236: Okolona, Tupelo, and Byhalia. The U
Page 237 and 238: 18 . Porter, Interview with Deacon
Page 239 and 240: 44 . Ibid ; Young, interview by aut
Page 241 and 242: 73 . Ibid. 74 . James Scott, interv
Page 243 and 244: CONCLUSION ". . ..the armed liberat
Page 245 and 246: existence of armed resistance in th
Page 247 and 248: Some may argue that the evidence pr
Page 249 and 250: ofthe Movement and doesn't apprecia
Page 251 and 252: it was necessary for the Black comm
Page 253 and 254: the white power structure but also
Page 255 and 256: Significance of "Eye forAn Eye" It
Page 257 and 258: 4 . Comel West, Progb= Deliverance
Page 259 and 260: Herman Leach, July 30,1994, Yazoo C
Page 261 and 262: Correspondence Letter from Sundiata
Page 263 and 264: Carson, Clayborne, et al. The Eyes
Page 265 and 266: Jordan, Winthrop, Tumult and Silenc
Page 267: Payne, Charles, 1've Got the Light
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