Eye for an Eye: The Role of Armed Resistance ... - Freedom Archives

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The defacto change in the practice of SNCC membership on the question of armed self-defense was illustrated in a SNCC staff retreat at Waveland, Missis- sippi, in November 1964 . The purpose of this retreat was to evaluate SNCC's direction and program. An important event occurred that reflected the new direc- tions in SNCC and the overall Movement . Waveland is located near the Missis- sippi Gulf. The retreat was near the beach . Retreat participants were alerted when they heard a low flying plane soaring near their facilities . Later that evening a vehicle drove near their meeting place and a Molotov cocktail was thrown on a nearby pier. Suddenly several male members of SNCC ran from the meeting with arms, the nightriders were abducted and released after a warning from the young freedom fighters . Young Lome Cress, a Chicago native and SNCC staffer in McComb was surprised by the armed response from her comrades . Up until that day she believed she was the member of a nonviolent organization. She turned to Howard Zinn, a college professor, historian, and advisor to SNCC and stated "You have just witnessed the end of the nonviolent movement." 19 1 . Forman, B1ackRevolutionaries , 354371 ; Carson, In Stru3--le. 96-98 ; Burner, GendyHe Shall Lead, 1 12-1 13,1 14-124 . 2 . Carson, In Struggle . 77 . 3 . Ibid, 98 ; Dennis interview with Dent. 4 . Often Black workers, particularly domestics who had close proximity to the white power structure supplied information about what segregationists were planning to the Movement. This informal network was essential to the security apparatus of local community activists.
5 . Hollis Watkins, interviewed in Henry Hampton and Steve Fayer, Voices o Freedom : An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950's through the 1980's. (New York : Bantam Books, 1990), 1_ $2-183: Cobb interview with Dent; Cotton interview with the author; Watkins interview with the author. 6 . Cotton, interview by author; Carson, In Struggle, 99-100; Forman, Black Revolutionaries , 372-373 . 7 . "Staff Meeting Minutes," June 10, 1994, SNCC Papers, Box 7, Folder 7 . 8 . [bid . 9 . Ibid . 10. Ibid. ; King, Freedom Song. 11 . King, Freedom Son& ; Forman, Black Revolutionaries. 374-375 . 12 . Max Stanford, "Revolutionary Nationalism, Black Nationalism, or Just Plain Blackism" in John Bracey, August Meier, and Elliot Rudwick, Black Nationalism in America. New York: Bobbs 970.508* Robert Brisbane. Black Activism : Racial Revolution in the United States 1954-1970 . (Judson Press : Valley Forge, 1974) 181-182; Robert Carl Coher, Black Crusader: A BiogLQhy of Robert Franklin Williams, (Secaucas, New Jersey : Lyle Stuart, 1972) 211-213, 223-224, 225-226 . 13 . Brisbane, Black Activists, 182 ; Maxwell C . Stanford, "Revolutionary Action Movement: A Case Study of an Urban Revolutionary Movement in Western Society," (Masters Thesis), Atlanta University, May 1986, 91-93 . 14 . Stanford, "Revolutionary Action Movement?, 93 ; Roland Snellings, 'The Long Hot Summer," Black America (Fall 1965),13-14; Askia Toure, interview by the author, tape recording, December 1994, Atlanta, Georgia; MacAthur Cotton, interview by the author. 15 . Stanford, "Revolutionary Action Movement," 93-94 . 16 . Kwame Ture, interview by author, tape recording February 9, 1994, Decatur, Georgia; Forman, Black Revolutionaries , 375 .
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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This is an authorized facsimile, ma
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ABSTRACT Although, the Civil Rights
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Light and Power on their spirits Mo
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Ch
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armed resistance in Black struggle
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Review of the Literature The Litera
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from advocates of armed self-defens
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the Movement. Each of these authors
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whom were committed to and practice
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and enforced against Black humanity
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transcript" of insurgency that has
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Chapter One: Historic Armed Black R
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to Kongolese armies. The use of arm
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people who were antagonistic to the
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nation, and to promise Africans fre
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coons to chattel status. Rather tha
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South legal . The Seminoles prepare
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more than slaves or mercenaries . A
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maroons, calling themselves the "Ki
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Adams county, Mississippi, in 1861
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The same year abolitionist and fugi
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separate Black army with its own "c
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soldiers defended their sisters and
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Southern whites were not willing to
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die where they stood before they wo
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teers throughout Hinds county. Real
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supremacy was not secure without th
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hours . While in each case there we
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of Alabama, to be armed at their me
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initiated gunfire after hearing rum
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apists . In February of 1948, Mrs.
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U .S . Army, was known as a sharpsh
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11 . Kenneth Wiggins Porter, The Ne
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31 . Edwin S. Redkey, AGrand Army o
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North Carolina Press, 19903, 44-45
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in the Age of Jim C,Eow, states tha
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S 1,614 for whites . Close to two-t
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ers his father would not allow him
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ist mob continued their intimidatio
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unit designed after the Mau Mau of
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the 1954 U .S . Supreme Court decis
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he refused to persuade the thirty r
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Meredith to "Ole Miss." Because of
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eturned home around midnight . Myrl
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11 . C.O . Chinn, interview by the
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crime . He was abducted by a mob of
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Chapter Three: The Non-Violent Move
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as the popular leader of this new o
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ments for protest based on moral an
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ticed some form of self-defense cov
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and NAACP organizer. Moore had assi
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On Moore's recommendation, Moses fi
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house, under pillows, under chairs
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lacks to challenge Amite's white po
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including Medgar Evers and Roy Wilk
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practice of self-defense . To warn
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Mississippi officials, charging the
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Anyone participating in the march h
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and harassed, local police did not
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Blacks alike were amazed that the g
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ase for SNCCICOFO and the Mississip
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with its own identity in the state
Page 129 and 130: military soured after Chinn openly
Page 131 and 132: Besides this group of protective gu
Page 133 and 134: for younger activists to challenge
Page 135 and 136: 9, 1984, 1-B- 10B ; Chuck McDew int
Page 137 and 138: 47 . Ibid, 178-179 ; Dennis, interv
Page 139 and 140: demonstrate that disenfranchised Mi
Page 141 and 142: franchised Black voters, the organi
Page 143 and 144: themselves and advising SNCC activi
Page 145 and 146: massacre as implied by Hall . Other
Page 147 and 148: to be a force in the Southern movem
Page 149 and 150: CORE also was engaged in debate con
Page 151 and 152: Schwerner, and one Freedom Summer v
Page 153 and 154: Goodman . Another element of this c
Page 155 and 156: Black history, Movement politics, a
Page 157 and 158: Harmony school and bused Harmony's
Page 159 and 160: economic arena was also displayed i
Page 161 and 162: on, in Brown's words, the "organiza
Page 163 and 164: There was a fine line . There was a
Page 165 and 166: (formerly known as Stokley Carmicha
Page 167 and 168: Union Baptist Church, led by its pa
Page 169 and 170: terrorist violence was initiated by
Page 171 and 172: Reeves family had a history of bein
Page 173 and 174: and Movement activists of McComb .
Page 175 and 176: friend by pretending he was only pa
Page 177 and 178: and cohesiveness of each community.
Page 179: lenge the credentials of the segreg
Page 183 and 184: 28 . Dovie Hudson, interviewed in B
Page 185 and 186: 56 . Bob Moses, interview by the au
Page 187 and 188: turn followed a different posture t
Page 189 and 190: cials were uneasy about Charles bec
Page 191 and 192: Cooper stated " We had 30.06. We ha
Page 193 and 194: Charles Evers's stated: He encourag
Page 195 and 196: the boycott. Arange of coercive tac
Page 197 and 198: thereby silenced and neutralized by
Page 199 and 200: crushed when a police car led a Kla
Page 201 and 202: Robert Williams . Thomas had read a
Page 203 and 204: of the Deacons in Bogulusa. The lea
Page 205 and 206: McKeithen also called for negotiati
Page 207 and 208: settlers . Natchez was the hub for
Page 209 and 210: would spark an acceleration of acti
Page 211 and 212: Even though the police officers wer
Page 213 and 214: U.S . Constitution [including the S
Page 215 and 216: e known, you better figure on dying
Page 217 and 218: situation that day: These pecker wo
Page 219 and 220: of the Deacons capabilities, provid
Page 221 and 222: unless City government acted favora
Page 223 and 224: Black community to enforce its deci
Page 225 and 226: claiming victory , announcing the m
Page 227 and 228: teams to enforce the boyott1 In Cla
Page 229 and 230: argument between Shields, and a whi
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Jackson also led to near uprising b
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implementing the Natchez model, Rud
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Okolona, Tupelo, and Byhalia. The U
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18 . Porter, Interview with Deacon
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44 . Ibid ; Young, interview by aut
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73 . Ibid. 74 . James Scott, interv
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CONCLUSION ". . ..the armed liberat
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existence of armed resistance in th
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Some may argue that the evidence pr
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ofthe Movement and doesn't apprecia
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it was necessary for the Black comm
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the white power structure but also
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Significance of "Eye forAn Eye" It
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4 . Comel West, Progb= Deliverance
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Herman Leach, July 30,1994, Yazoo C
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Correspondence Letter from Sundiata
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Carson, Clayborne, et al. The Eyes
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Jordan, Winthrop, Tumult and Silenc
Page 267 and 268:
Payne, Charles, 1've Got the Light
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DissertationslTheses Barksdale, Mar
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