how this tradition continued in Mississippi in the freedom struggle that intensified in the mid-1960's . 1 . John Blassingame, Slave Community. (New York : Ox<strong>for</strong>d University Press, 1972),4-5 . 2 . John K . Thornton, "Afric<strong>an</strong> Soldiers in the Haiti<strong>an</strong> Revolution," Journal <strong>of</strong> Caribbe<strong>an</strong> History. Vol . 25, No. 1 &2 (1991) : 58-80. 3 . D<strong>an</strong>iel P M<strong>an</strong>nix <strong>an</strong>d Malcolm Cowley, Black Cargoes : A History <strong>of</strong> the Atl<strong>an</strong>tic Slave Trade 1518- 1865 . (New York : Penguin Books, 1976), 9-10, 17-21, 167-168 . 4 . John K . Thornton, "Afric<strong>an</strong> Dimensions <strong>of</strong> the Stono Rebellion," Americ<strong>an</strong> Historical Review. Vol . 96, No. 4, (October 1991) : 1101-1112 . 5 . Gwendolyn Midlo Hall, Afric<strong>an</strong>s in Colonial Louisi<strong>an</strong>a <strong>The</strong> Development <strong>of</strong> <strong>an</strong> Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century. (Baton Rouge : Louisi<strong>an</strong>a State University Press, 1992), 42-44, 97-118 . 6 . Herbert Aptheker, "Maroons Within the Present Limits <strong>of</strong> the United States," Journal <strong>of</strong> Negro , 24 (1939) : 167-184. 7 . Herbert Aptheker, Americ<strong>an</strong> Negro Slave Revolts . (New York : International Publishers, 1969), 163 ; Richard Price, Maroon Societies : Rebel Slave Societies in the Americas . (Garden City, N.Y : Anchor Books), 149 ; William Katz, Black Indi<strong>an</strong>s . (New York: Atheneum, 1986), 22-26 ; Peter H . Wood, Black Majority : Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion . (New York : W W. Norton, 19743, 3-4 . 8 . Katz, Black Indi<strong>an</strong>s . 28, 105-109 . 9 . Ibid ., 3, 39-42 . 10 . Hall, Afric<strong>an</strong>s in Colonial Louisi<strong>an</strong>a. 100-104 ; Katz, Black Indi<strong>an</strong>s . 107 .
11 . Kenneth Wiggins Porter, <strong>The</strong> Negro on the Americ<strong>an</strong> Frontier. (New York : Arno Press, 1971), 185-186 ; Imari Obadele, America the Nation-State : <strong>The</strong> Politics <strong>of</strong> the United States from a State-Building Pers ctive . (Baton Rouge : House <strong>of</strong> Songhay, 1991), 113-116 ; 1.0. Wright, "Dispatches <strong>of</strong> Sp<strong>an</strong>ish Officials Bearing on the Free Negro Settlement <strong>of</strong> Gracial Real de S<strong>an</strong>ta Teresa de Mose, Florida" Journal <strong>of</strong> Negro History, (April 1924) : 144 -231 ; Virginia Bergm<strong>an</strong> Peters, <strong>The</strong> Florida Wars . (New York : Archon Books, 1979), 31, 149 ; Wood, Black Myon; tar. 305-314. 12 . Vincent Harding, <strong>The</strong>re is a River : <strong>The</strong> Black Struggle <strong>for</strong> <strong>Freedom</strong> in America. (New York : Vintage Books, 1981), 63-65 ; Porter, Negro on the Frontier, 213-220 ; Obadele, America the Nation-State , 121-124, Aptheker, Negro Slave Revolts, 259, Katz, Black Indi<strong>an</strong>s , 53-55 . 13 . Kenneth Wiggins Porter, "Florida Slaves <strong>an</strong>d Free Negroes in the Seminole War, 1835-1842," Journal <strong>of</strong> Negro istorv. Vol . XXVM, (October 1943) : 400 . 14 . Porter, Ibid ., 390-395,401-403 ; Porter, Negroon the Frontier. 208-237 ; Obadele, America the Nation-State : 109-111, 124-126, Katz, Black Indi<strong>an</strong>s . 50-59. 15 . Porter, "Negroes in the Seminole War," 390-421 ; Porter, Negro on .the FrontieL 238-258 ; Berry, Black Resist<strong>an</strong>ce, 53-65 ; Obadele, America the Nation-State, 125-126 ; Harding, <strong>The</strong>re is a River, 108-111, Katz, Black Indi<strong>an</strong>s . 59-69, 73-75 ; Charles M . Hudson, Four Centuries <strong>of</strong> Southern Indi<strong>an</strong>s . (Athens- University <strong>of</strong> Georgia Press, 1975), 160 ; 16 . Katz, Black Indi<strong>an</strong>s . 106 . 17 . Robert J . Cottrol <strong>an</strong>d Raymond Diamond, "<strong>The</strong> Second Amendment: Towards <strong>an</strong> Afro Americ<strong>an</strong>ist Reconsideration," <strong>The</strong> Georgetown Law Journal . Vol . 80, No . 309, (1991) : 320-328 . 18 . Benjamin Quarles, <strong>The</strong> Negro in the Americ<strong>an</strong> Revolution . (Chapel Hill : University <strong>of</strong> North Carolina Press, 1961), 27-29 . 19 . Ibid ., 149-152, 174 ; Herbert Aptheker, <strong>The</strong> Negro in the Americ<strong>an</strong> Revolution . (New York : International Publishers, 1940), 16-21 ; John Hope Fr<strong>an</strong>klin <strong>an</strong>d AlfredA . Moss, Jr., From Slavery to <strong>Freedom</strong> A History <strong>of</strong> Negro Americ<strong>an</strong>s (New York : McGraw-Hill, 1988), 69-71 ; Roi Ottley, Black Odyssey : <strong>The</strong> Story <strong>of</strong>
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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This is an authorized facsimile, ma
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ABSTRACT Although, the Civil Rights
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Light and Power on their spirits Mo
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Ch
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armed resistance in Black struggle
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Review of the Literature The Litera
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- Page 27 and 28: Chapter One: Historic Armed Black R
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- Page 37 and 38: South legal . The Seminoles prepare
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- Page 45 and 46: The same year abolitionist and fugi
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- Page 61 and 62: of Alabama, to be armed at their me
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- Page 65 and 66: apists . In February of 1948, Mrs.
- Page 67: U .S . Army, was known as a sharpsh
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Anyone participating in the march h
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and harassed, local police did not
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Blacks alike were amazed that the g
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ase for SNCCICOFO and the Mississip
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with its own identity in the state
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military soured after Chinn openly
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Besides this group of protective gu
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for younger activists to challenge
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9, 1984, 1-B- 10B ; Chuck McDew int
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47 . Ibid, 178-179 ; Dennis, interv
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demonstrate that disenfranchised Mi
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franchised Black voters, the organi
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themselves and advising SNCC activi
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massacre as implied by Hall . Other
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to be a force in the Southern movem
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CORE also was engaged in debate con
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Schwerner, and one Freedom Summer v
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Goodman . Another element of this c
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Black history, Movement politics, a
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Harmony school and bused Harmony's
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economic arena was also displayed i
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on, in Brown's words, the "organiza
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There was a fine line . There was a
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(formerly known as Stokley Carmicha
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Union Baptist Church, led by its pa
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terrorist violence was initiated by
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Reeves family had a history of bein
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and Movement activists of McComb .
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friend by pretending he was only pa
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and cohesiveness of each community.
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lenge the credentials of the segreg
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5 . Hollis Watkins, interviewed in
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28 . Dovie Hudson, interviewed in B
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56 . Bob Moses, interview by the au
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turn followed a different posture t
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cials were uneasy about Charles bec
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Cooper stated " We had 30.06. We ha
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Charles Evers's stated: He encourag
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the boycott. Arange of coercive tac
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thereby silenced and neutralized by
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crushed when a police car led a Kla
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Robert Williams . Thomas had read a
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of the Deacons in Bogulusa. The lea
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McKeithen also called for negotiati
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settlers . Natchez was the hub for
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would spark an acceleration of acti
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Even though the police officers wer
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U.S . Constitution [including the S
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e known, you better figure on dying
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situation that day: These pecker wo
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of the Deacons capabilities, provid
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unless City government acted favora
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Black community to enforce its deci
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claiming victory , announcing the m
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teams to enforce the boyott1 In Cla
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argument between Shields, and a whi
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Jackson also led to near uprising b
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implementing the Natchez model, Rud
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Okolona, Tupelo, and Byhalia. The U
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18 . Porter, Interview with Deacon
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44 . Ibid ; Young, interview by aut
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73 . Ibid. 74 . James Scott, interv
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CONCLUSION ". . ..the armed liberat
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existence of armed resistance in th
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Some may argue that the evidence pr
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ofthe Movement and doesn't apprecia
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it was necessary for the Black comm
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the white power structure but also
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Significance of "Eye forAn Eye" It
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4 . Comel West, Progb= Deliverance
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Herman Leach, July 30,1994, Yazoo C
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Correspondence Letter from Sundiata
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Carson, Clayborne, et al. The Eyes
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Jordan, Winthrop, Tumult and Silenc
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Payne, Charles, 1've Got the Light
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DissertationslTheses Barksdale, Mar