Eye for an Eye: The Role of Armed Resistance ... - Freedom Archives

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6 . "If White Man Shoots at Negro, We Will Shoot Back," Nashville Runner . Vo1. LXXXVII No . 266, February 17, 1964 . 7 . Fred Zimmerman, "More Dixie Negroes Buy Arms to Retaliate Against White Attacks", Wall Street Journal, Vol. CL, No. 7, (July 12,1965), 1 . 8. Cole, interview by author. 9 . Willie Morris, Yazoo : Integration in a Deep Southern Town . (New York: Harper Magazine Press, 1971), 62-63 . 10 . Ibid ; Memorial Program for Rudy Shields, dated March 8, 1987, Yazoo, Mississippi . 11 . Evers, Evers, 133-134. 12 . Cole, interview by author. 13 . James Nix, interviewed by Sarah Rowe, 1993, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, The Mississippi Oral History Program of the University of Southern Mississippi ; James Nix, interview by author, tape recording, Laurel, Mississippi, September 20, 1994 . 14 . Gwendolyn Hall, "Jonesboro: The Red River Valley Again" (unpublished manuscript), 1-4, Box 1, Folder 7, Gwendolyn Hall Papers, Amistad Research Center, Tulane University ; Herman Porter, "An Interview with Deacon for Defense", The Militant . Vol . 29, No . 42 (November 22, 1965), 1 . 15 . Roy Reed, "The Deacons, Too, Ride By Night", New York Times Magazine . August 15, 1965, 10; Porter, "Interview with Deacon" ; "Jonesboro `Deacons' Offer Example for Rights Forces", The Militant. Vol . 29, No. 9, (March 1, 1965), 1 ; "Deacons for Defense and Justice Articles of Incorporation", Box 1, Folder 3, Gwendolyn Hall Papers, Amistad Research Center, Tulane University. 16 . "From: Frederick Brooks To: Oretha Castle-North Louisiana Director of CORE, Jackson Parish, Jonesboro, Louisiana", Gwendolyn Hall Papers, Box 3, Folder 14, Amistad Research Center, Tulane University. 17 . "Jonesboro Deacons" .
18 . Porter, Interview with Deacon ; Hall, "Red River Valley", 17 . 19 . "Bogalusa, Louisiana", CORE E=rs ; "The Bogalusa Negro Community", CORE Pa=, "The Man in Middle", Time July 23, 1965, 19 20 . Robert Hicks, interviewed by Robert Wright, August 10, 1969, Bogalusa, Louisiana, Civil Rights Documentation Project, Howard University . 21 . "United States Government Memorandum, From: WC. Sullivan, From: F.J . Baugardner, Subject : Deacons for Defense and Justice Information Concerning (Internal Security", February 26, 1965 . 22 . lbid ; "Bogalusa Incidents Addition" dated March 25, 1965, CORE Pam; Robert Hicks, interviewed by Wright. 23 . For an example of Sims attitude and demeanor read interviews with him including "rhe Deacons . . .and their impact", National Guardian. September 4, 1965, 4-5 ; "Charles Sims" in Howell Raines, My Soul is Rested . 416-423 . 24 . "Man in the Middle", 19 ; "Deacons and their impact", 4; Reed, "Ride by Night", 20 ; Roy Reed, "White man is Shot by Negro in Clash in Bogalusa", New York Times . Vol, CXIV, No . 39248, (July 9, 1965), 1 . 25 . Roy Reed, "Louisiana Police Guard Farmer at Rites for Slain Negro Deputy", New Wrk Times . (June 17, 1965), L7 . 26 . Loewen, MISSISSIDDI , 18,40, 80-82. 27 . "Adams County, Mississippi" SNCC Research : Atlanta, Georgia, October 25, 1965, in the Freedom Information Service Archives (FSA), Jackson, Mississippi . 28 . "Cops, Race Strife Cut Tourist Trade in Natchez" MuhammLadSpgaks ( September 25, 1964); James Young, interviewed by author, tape recording, Natchez, Mississippi, July 28, 1994 . 29 . Evers, Evens 130-132 ; Milton Cooper interviewed by author. 30 . "Natchez Mayor Offers Reward For Bomber", Jackson Clarioner (August 28, 1965), 1 ; Charles Horowitz, " Natchez, Mississippi-Six Weeks of Crisis", (October 9, 1965), Freedom Information Center document, FISA ;
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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This is an authorized facsimile, ma
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ABSTRACT Although, the Civil Rights
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Light and Power on their spirits Mo
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Ch
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armed resistance in Black struggle
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Review of the Literature The Litera
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from advocates of armed self-defens
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the Movement. Each of these authors
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whom were committed to and practice
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and enforced against Black humanity
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transcript" of insurgency that has
Page 27 and 28:
Chapter One: Historic Armed Black R
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to Kongolese armies. The use of arm
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people who were antagonistic to the
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nation, and to promise Africans fre
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coons to chattel status. Rather tha
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South legal . The Seminoles prepare
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more than slaves or mercenaries . A
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maroons, calling themselves the "Ki
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Adams county, Mississippi, in 1861
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The same year abolitionist and fugi
Page 47 and 48:
separate Black army with its own "c
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soldiers defended their sisters and
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Southern whites were not willing to
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die where they stood before they wo
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teers throughout Hinds county. Real
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supremacy was not secure without th
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hours . While in each case there we
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of Alabama, to be armed at their me
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initiated gunfire after hearing rum
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apists . In February of 1948, Mrs.
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U .S . Army, was known as a sharpsh
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11 . Kenneth Wiggins Porter, The Ne
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31 . Edwin S. Redkey, AGrand Army o
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North Carolina Press, 19903, 44-45
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in the Age of Jim C,Eow, states tha
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S 1,614 for whites . Close to two-t
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ers his father would not allow him
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ist mob continued their intimidatio
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unit designed after the Mau Mau of
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the 1954 U .S . Supreme Court decis
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he refused to persuade the thirty r
Page 89 and 90:
Meredith to "Ole Miss." Because of
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eturned home around midnight . Myrl
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11 . C.O . Chinn, interview by the
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crime . He was abducted by a mob of
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Chapter Three: The Non-Violent Move
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as the popular leader of this new o
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ments for protest based on moral an
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ticed some form of self-defense cov
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and NAACP organizer. Moore had assi
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On Moore's recommendation, Moses fi
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house, under pillows, under chairs
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lacks to challenge Amite's white po
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including Medgar Evers and Roy Wilk
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practice of self-defense . To warn
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Mississippi officials, charging the
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Anyone participating in the march h
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and harassed, local police did not
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Blacks alike were amazed that the g
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ase for SNCCICOFO and the Mississip
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with its own identity in the state
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military soured after Chinn openly
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Besides this group of protective gu
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for younger activists to challenge
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9, 1984, 1-B- 10B ; Chuck McDew int
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47 . Ibid, 178-179 ; Dennis, interv
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demonstrate that disenfranchised Mi
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franchised Black voters, the organi
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themselves and advising SNCC activi
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massacre as implied by Hall . Other
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to be a force in the Southern movem
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CORE also was engaged in debate con
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Schwerner, and one Freedom Summer v
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Goodman . Another element of this c
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Black history, Movement politics, a
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Harmony school and bused Harmony's
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economic arena was also displayed i
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on, in Brown's words, the "organiza
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There was a fine line . There was a
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(formerly known as Stokley Carmicha
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Union Baptist Church, led by its pa
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terrorist violence was initiated by
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Reeves family had a history of bein
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and Movement activists of McComb .
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friend by pretending he was only pa
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and cohesiveness of each community.
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lenge the credentials of the segreg
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5 . Hollis Watkins, interviewed in
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28 . Dovie Hudson, interviewed in B
Page 185 and 186: 56 . Bob Moses, interview by the au
Page 187 and 188: turn followed a different posture t
Page 189 and 190: cials were uneasy about Charles bec
Page 191 and 192: Cooper stated " We had 30.06. We ha
Page 193 and 194: Charles Evers's stated: He encourag
Page 195 and 196: the boycott. Arange of coercive tac
Page 197 and 198: thereby silenced and neutralized by
Page 199 and 200: crushed when a police car led a Kla
Page 201 and 202: Robert Williams . Thomas had read a
Page 203 and 204: of the Deacons in Bogulusa. The lea
Page 205 and 206: McKeithen also called for negotiati
Page 207 and 208: settlers . Natchez was the hub for
Page 209 and 210: would spark an acceleration of acti
Page 211 and 212: Even though the police officers wer
Page 213 and 214: U.S . Constitution [including the S
Page 215 and 216: e known, you better figure on dying
Page 217 and 218: situation that day: These pecker wo
Page 219 and 220: of the Deacons capabilities, provid
Page 221 and 222: unless City government acted favora
Page 223 and 224: Black community to enforce its deci
Page 225 and 226: claiming victory , announcing the m
Page 227 and 228: teams to enforce the boyott1 In Cla
Page 229 and 230: argument between Shields, and a whi
Page 231 and 232: Jackson also led to near uprising b
Page 233 and 234: implementing the Natchez model, Rud
Page 235: Okolona, Tupelo, and Byhalia. The U
Page 239 and 240: 44 . Ibid ; Young, interview by aut
Page 241 and 242: 73 . Ibid. 74 . James Scott, interv
Page 243 and 244: CONCLUSION ". . ..the armed liberat
Page 245 and 246: existence of armed resistance in th
Page 247 and 248: Some may argue that the evidence pr
Page 249 and 250: ofthe Movement and doesn't apprecia
Page 251 and 252: it was necessary for the Black comm
Page 253 and 254: the white power structure but also
Page 255 and 256: Significance of "Eye forAn Eye" It
Page 257 and 258: 4 . Comel West, Progb= Deliverance
Page 259 and 260: Herman Leach, July 30,1994, Yazoo C
Page 261 and 262: Correspondence Letter from Sundiata
Page 263 and 264: Carson, Clayborne, et al. The Eyes
Page 265 and 266: Jordan, Winthrop, Tumult and Silenc
Page 267 and 268: Payne, Charles, 1've Got the Light
Page 269 and 270: DissertationslTheses Barksdale, Mar
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