Eye for an Eye: The Role of Armed Resistance ... - Freedom Archives

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Dittmer, "Desegregation Petition Filed", Natchez mocrat August 20, 1965, 1 ; James Young, interview by author, Local People . 354. 31 . "Natchez Bombing Is Laid To Whites", New Yo& Times. September 27, 1964, "Police Push Investigations of Blasts that Hit Natchez", The , Clarion- Ledger/ Jackson Daily News (September 27, 1964), A1 ; "Two More Burned Out Churches Dedicated" Clarion-Ledger (March 22, 1965) ; " Statement of Events in Natchez, Miss.November 1 and 2, 1963 ", Freedom Vote for Governor, Jackson, Miss . in FISA ; "Leader Claims Five Slayings", Jackson Daily News (May 7, 1964) . 32 . "Mayor Offers Reward" 33 . "Racial Tension is Mounting in Natchez ; Curfew Ordered", Jackson Daily News September 1, 1965 ; "Natchez Police Car Stoned", New York Times August 29, 1965, L51 . 34 . James Stokes, interview by author, tape recording, August 1994, Natchez, Mississippi ; Transcript of film "Black Natchez" (1965) . 3 5 . Ibid; "Bombing Angers Natchez Negroes", New York Times August 29, 1965, L5 1 ; Hicks, interviewed by Wright, Civil Rights Documentation Project . 36 . Stokes, interview by author ; Young, interview by author. 37 . Horowitz, "Natchez", 6. 38 . Cole, interview by author ; Stokes, interview by author; Young, interview by author. 39 . Stokes, interview by author; Young, interview by author. 40 . Hollis Watkins, interview by author. 41 . Stokes, interview by author ; Young, interview by author. 42 . "Black Natchez" 43 . Stokes, interview by author.
44 . Ibid ; Young, interview by author . 45. Interview with Deacon Informant X . This informant choose not to be identified in this study due to the sensitive nature of his comments . He was interviewed in the Summer of 1964, in Natchez. He was active in the Deacons from its inception until its demise . Charles Evers also spoke of the Deacons possessing hand grenades in Evers, 132. 46 . Stokes, interview by author. 47 . Ibid. 48 . "Marches Sponsored by National Association for the Advancement of Colored People at Woodville and Centreville, Mississippi, to Protest Election Results September 2,4, 1967", Federal Bureau of Investigation Racial Matters document, dated September 6, 1967, 14 49 . Young, interview by author. 50 . Watkins, interview by author. 51 . Young, interview by author ; Cole, interview by author ; Lillie Brown, interview by author. This incident was told to the author by all the above sources but none of them remembered, nor could I confirm the exact date or year. 52 . Cole, interview by author. 53 . "Marches by NAACP", FBI document ; James Stokes, interview by author. 54 . Stokes, interview by author, Cole, interview by author. 55 . "Deacons for Defense and Justice, Inc . "; Federal Bureau of Investigation Racial Matters, report, March 28, 1966, 5-8 . 56 . Young, interview by author. 57 . "Board Meets With Negro Delegation", Natchez Democrat . August 29, 1965 . 1 ; "Natchez Officials Meeting to Consider Racial Crisis", Jackson Daily News. August 30, 1965 ; "Board Rejects Demands", Natchez Democrat. September 3, 1965,9 .
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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This is an authorized facsimile, ma
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ABSTRACT Although, the Civil Rights
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Light and Power on their spirits Mo
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Ch
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armed resistance in Black struggle
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Review of the Literature The Litera
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from advocates of armed self-defens
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the Movement. Each of these authors
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whom were committed to and practice
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and enforced against Black humanity
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transcript" of insurgency that has
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Chapter One: Historic Armed Black R
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to Kongolese armies. The use of arm
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people who were antagonistic to the
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nation, and to promise Africans fre
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coons to chattel status. Rather tha
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South legal . The Seminoles prepare
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more than slaves or mercenaries . A
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maroons, calling themselves the "Ki
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Adams county, Mississippi, in 1861
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The same year abolitionist and fugi
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separate Black army with its own "c
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soldiers defended their sisters and
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Southern whites were not willing to
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die where they stood before they wo
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teers throughout Hinds county. Real
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supremacy was not secure without th
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hours . While in each case there we
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of Alabama, to be armed at their me
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initiated gunfire after hearing rum
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apists . In February of 1948, Mrs.
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U .S . Army, was known as a sharpsh
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11 . Kenneth Wiggins Porter, The Ne
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31 . Edwin S. Redkey, AGrand Army o
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North Carolina Press, 19903, 44-45
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in the Age of Jim C,Eow, states tha
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S 1,614 for whites . Close to two-t
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ers his father would not allow him
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ist mob continued their intimidatio
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unit designed after the Mau Mau of
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the 1954 U .S . Supreme Court decis
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he refused to persuade the thirty r
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Meredith to "Ole Miss." Because of
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eturned home around midnight . Myrl
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11 . C.O . Chinn, interview by the
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crime . He was abducted by a mob of
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Chapter Three: The Non-Violent Move
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as the popular leader of this new o
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ments for protest based on moral an
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ticed some form of self-defense cov
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and NAACP organizer. Moore had assi
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On Moore's recommendation, Moses fi
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house, under pillows, under chairs
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lacks to challenge Amite's white po
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including Medgar Evers and Roy Wilk
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practice of self-defense . To warn
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Mississippi officials, charging the
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Anyone participating in the march h
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and harassed, local police did not
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Blacks alike were amazed that the g
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ase for SNCCICOFO and the Mississip
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with its own identity in the state
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military soured after Chinn openly
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Besides this group of protective gu
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for younger activists to challenge
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9, 1984, 1-B- 10B ; Chuck McDew int
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47 . Ibid, 178-179 ; Dennis, interv
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demonstrate that disenfranchised Mi
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franchised Black voters, the organi
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themselves and advising SNCC activi
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massacre as implied by Hall . Other
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to be a force in the Southern movem
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CORE also was engaged in debate con
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Schwerner, and one Freedom Summer v
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Goodman . Another element of this c
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Black history, Movement politics, a
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Harmony school and bused Harmony's
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economic arena was also displayed i
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on, in Brown's words, the "organiza
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There was a fine line . There was a
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(formerly known as Stokley Carmicha
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Union Baptist Church, led by its pa
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terrorist violence was initiated by
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Reeves family had a history of bein
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and Movement activists of McComb .
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friend by pretending he was only pa
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and cohesiveness of each community.
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lenge the credentials of the segreg
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5 . Hollis Watkins, interviewed in
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28 . Dovie Hudson, interviewed in B
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56 . Bob Moses, interview by the au
Page 187 and 188: turn followed a different posture t
Page 189 and 190: cials were uneasy about Charles bec
Page 191 and 192: Cooper stated " We had 30.06. We ha
Page 193 and 194: Charles Evers's stated: He encourag
Page 195 and 196: the boycott. Arange of coercive tac
Page 197 and 198: thereby silenced and neutralized by
Page 199 and 200: crushed when a police car led a Kla
Page 201 and 202: Robert Williams . Thomas had read a
Page 203 and 204: of the Deacons in Bogulusa. The lea
Page 205 and 206: McKeithen also called for negotiati
Page 207 and 208: settlers . Natchez was the hub for
Page 209 and 210: would spark an acceleration of acti
Page 211 and 212: Even though the police officers wer
Page 213 and 214: U.S . Constitution [including the S
Page 215 and 216: e known, you better figure on dying
Page 217 and 218: situation that day: These pecker wo
Page 219 and 220: of the Deacons capabilities, provid
Page 221 and 222: unless City government acted favora
Page 223 and 224: Black community to enforce its deci
Page 225 and 226: claiming victory , announcing the m
Page 227 and 228: teams to enforce the boyott1 In Cla
Page 229 and 230: argument between Shields, and a whi
Page 231 and 232: Jackson also led to near uprising b
Page 233 and 234: implementing the Natchez model, Rud
Page 235 and 236: Okolona, Tupelo, and Byhalia. The U
Page 237: 18 . Porter, Interview with Deacon
Page 241 and 242: 73 . Ibid. 74 . James Scott, interv
Page 243 and 244: CONCLUSION ". . ..the armed liberat
Page 245 and 246: existence of armed resistance in th
Page 247 and 248: Some may argue that the evidence pr
Page 249 and 250: ofthe Movement and doesn't apprecia
Page 251 and 252: it was necessary for the Black comm
Page 253 and 254: the white power structure but also
Page 255 and 256: Significance of "Eye forAn Eye" It
Page 257 and 258: 4 . Comel West, Progb= Deliverance
Page 259 and 260: Herman Leach, July 30,1994, Yazoo C
Page 261 and 262: Correspondence Letter from Sundiata
Page 263 and 264: Carson, Clayborne, et al. The Eyes
Page 265 and 266: Jordan, Winthrop, Tumult and Silenc
Page 267 and 268: Payne, Charles, 1've Got the Light
Page 269 and 270: DissertationslTheses Barksdale, Mar
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