Eye for an Eye: The Role of Armed Resistance ... - Freedom Archives

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D.C. : University Press of America, 1978), 72 74, 129 ; Herbert Aptheker, To Be Free . (New York : International Publishers, 1948), 163-187 ; James Garner, Reconstruction in Mississip-ILL (Baton Rogue : Louisiana State University, 1968), 375-389 . 44 . William Leon Woods, "The Travail of Freedom: Mississippi Blacks 1862- 1870" (dissertation), Ann Arbor. University Microfilms International, 1979 . 254-255 . 45 . DuBois, Black Reconstruction , 690 46 . Monroe N . Work, ed ., Negro Year Book 1931-1932. (Tuskegee, Ala. : Tuskegee Institute Press, 1931), 293 . 47 . Neil McMillen, Dark Journey Black Mississippi and the Age of Jim Crow. (Urbana : University of Illinois Press, 1989), 232-233 . 48 . Herbert Sharpiro, White Violence and Black Response : From Reconstruction_ to Montgomery. (Amherst : University of Massachusetts, 1988), 56-58 . 49 . W. Fitzhugh Brundage, "The Darien `Insurrection' of 1899 : Black Protest During the Nadir of Race Relations," The Georgia Historical Quarterly Vol . LXXIV, No .2 (Summer 1990), 234-253 ; Robert Francis Engs, Freedom's First Generation : Black Hampton . Virginia . 1861-1890 . (Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 19793, 195 . 50 . John Dittmer, Black Georgia in the Progressive Era 1900-1920 . (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977), 126-129 ; Walter White, A Man Called White . (New York: Viking Press, 1948), 10 12 ; Herbert Aptheker, introduction to Booker T. Washington andW.E .B. DuBois, The Negro in the Sots. (New York : AMS Press, 1970), x . 51 . McMillen, Dark Journey, 225-226 . 52 . [bid, 230-231 . 53 . Theodore Rosengarten, All God's Dangers : The Life of Nate Shaw. (New York : Random House, 1989) 305-319; Robin D.G . Kelley, Hammer and Hoe : Alabama Communists During the Great Depression . (Chapel Hill : University of
North Carolina Press, 19903, 44-45 ; Harry Haywood, Black Bolshevik: Autobioerap_hy of an Afro-American Communist . (Chicago : Liberator Press, 1978), 397-403 . 54 . Harvard Sitkoff, "Racial Militance and Interracial Violence in the Second World War," The Journal of American Hi torn. Vol . LVIII, No.3 (December 1971), 661-669 ; Sharpiro, White Violence , 306-308 . 55 . Dorothy Beeler, "Race Riot in Columbia, Tennessee : February 25-27, 1946 ;" Tennessee Historical Quarterly. Vol . XXXIX No .l, (Spring 19803, 49-61 ; Sharpiro, White Violence . 362 365 . 56 . Virginia Shadron, "Popular Protest and Legal Authority in Post-World War II Georgia : Race, Class, and Gender Politics in the Rosa Ingram Case" (Ph.D . dissertation), Emory University, 1991, 30-137 ; Sharpiro, White Violence . 360- 362 . 57 . Nannie Tilley, The R.J . Reynolds Tobacco Company . (Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 390-393 ; Richard Koritz, interviewed by author, June 19,1995, Greensboro, North Carolina; Robert Korstad, Daybreak of Freedom: Tobacco Workers and the CIO, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 1943- 1950", (Ph.D . 255-260. Dissertation)' University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1987, 58 . Youth of the Rural Organizing and Cultural Center, Minds Staved On Freedom The Civil Rights Struggle in the Rural South an Ora-History. (Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, 1991), 11, 154-157 .
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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This is an authorized facsimile, ma
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ABSTRACT Although, the Civil Rights
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Light and Power on their spirits Mo
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Ch
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armed resistance in Black struggle
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Review of the Literature The Litera
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from advocates of armed self-defens
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the Movement. Each of these authors
Page 21 and 22: whom were committed to and practice
Page 23 and 24: and enforced against Black humanity
Page 25 and 26: transcript" of insurgency that has
Page 27 and 28: Chapter One: Historic Armed Black R
Page 29 and 30: to Kongolese armies. The use of arm
Page 31 and 32: people who were antagonistic to the
Page 33 and 34: nation, and to promise Africans fre
Page 35 and 36: coons to chattel status. Rather tha
Page 37 and 38: South legal . The Seminoles prepare
Page 39 and 40: more than slaves or mercenaries . A
Page 41 and 42: maroons, calling themselves the "Ki
Page 43 and 44: Adams county, Mississippi, in 1861
Page 45 and 46: The same year abolitionist and fugi
Page 47 and 48: separate Black army with its own "c
Page 49 and 50: soldiers defended their sisters and
Page 51 and 52: Southern whites were not willing to
Page 53 and 54: die where they stood before they wo
Page 55 and 56: teers throughout Hinds county. Real
Page 57 and 58: supremacy was not secure without th
Page 59 and 60: hours . While in each case there we
Page 61 and 62: of Alabama, to be armed at their me
Page 63 and 64: initiated gunfire after hearing rum
Page 65 and 66: apists . In February of 1948, Mrs.
Page 67 and 68: U .S . Army, was known as a sharpsh
Page 69 and 70: 11 . Kenneth Wiggins Porter, The Ne
Page 71: 31 . Edwin S. Redkey, AGrand Army o
Page 75 and 76: in the Age of Jim C,Eow, states tha
Page 77 and 78: S 1,614 for whites . Close to two-t
Page 79 and 80: ers his father would not allow him
Page 81 and 82: ist mob continued their intimidatio
Page 83 and 84: unit designed after the Mau Mau of
Page 85 and 86: the 1954 U .S . Supreme Court decis
Page 87 and 88: he refused to persuade the thirty r
Page 89 and 90: Meredith to "Ole Miss." Because of
Page 91 and 92: eturned home around midnight . Myrl
Page 93 and 94: 11 . C.O . Chinn, interview by the
Page 95 and 96: crime . He was abducted by a mob of
Page 97 and 98: Chapter Three: The Non-Violent Move
Page 99 and 100: as the popular leader of this new o
Page 101 and 102: ments for protest based on moral an
Page 103 and 104: ticed some form of self-defense cov
Page 105 and 106: and NAACP organizer. Moore had assi
Page 107 and 108: On Moore's recommendation, Moses fi
Page 109 and 110: house, under pillows, under chairs
Page 111 and 112: lacks to challenge Amite's white po
Page 113 and 114: including Medgar Evers and Roy Wilk
Page 115 and 116: practice of self-defense . To warn
Page 117 and 118: Mississippi officials, charging the
Page 119 and 120: Anyone participating in the march h
Page 121 and 122: and harassed, local police did not
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Blacks alike were amazed that the g
Page 125 and 126:
ase for SNCCICOFO and the Mississip
Page 127 and 128:
with its own identity in the state
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military soured after Chinn openly
Page 131 and 132:
Besides this group of protective gu
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for younger activists to challenge
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9, 1984, 1-B- 10B ; Chuck McDew int
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47 . Ibid, 178-179 ; Dennis, interv
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demonstrate that disenfranchised Mi
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franchised Black voters, the organi
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themselves and advising SNCC activi
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massacre as implied by Hall . Other
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to be a force in the Southern movem
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CORE also was engaged in debate con
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Schwerner, and one Freedom Summer v
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Goodman . Another element of this c
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Black history, Movement politics, a
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Harmony school and bused Harmony's
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economic arena was also displayed i
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on, in Brown's words, the "organiza
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There was a fine line . There was a
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(formerly known as Stokley Carmicha
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Union Baptist Church, led by its pa
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terrorist violence was initiated by
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Reeves family had a history of bein
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and Movement activists of McComb .
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friend by pretending he was only pa
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and cohesiveness of each community.
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lenge the credentials of the segreg
Page 181 and 182:
5 . Hollis Watkins, interviewed in
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28 . Dovie Hudson, interviewed in B
Page 185 and 186:
56 . Bob Moses, interview by the au
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turn followed a different posture t
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cials were uneasy about Charles bec
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Cooper stated " We had 30.06. We ha
Page 193 and 194:
Charles Evers's stated: He encourag
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the boycott. Arange of coercive tac
Page 197 and 198:
thereby silenced and neutralized by
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crushed when a police car led a Kla
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Robert Williams . Thomas had read a
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of the Deacons in Bogulusa. The lea
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McKeithen also called for negotiati
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settlers . Natchez was the hub for
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would spark an acceleration of acti
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Even though the police officers wer
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U.S . Constitution [including the S
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e known, you better figure on dying
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situation that day: These pecker wo
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of the Deacons capabilities, provid
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unless City government acted favora
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Black community to enforce its deci
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claiming victory , announcing the m
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teams to enforce the boyott1 In Cla
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argument between Shields, and a whi
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Jackson also led to near uprising b
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implementing the Natchez model, Rud
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Okolona, Tupelo, and Byhalia. The U
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18 . Porter, Interview with Deacon
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44 . Ibid ; Young, interview by aut
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73 . Ibid. 74 . James Scott, interv
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CONCLUSION ". . ..the armed liberat
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existence of armed resistance in th
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Some may argue that the evidence pr
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ofthe Movement and doesn't apprecia
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it was necessary for the Black comm
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the white power structure but also
Page 255 and 256:
Significance of "Eye forAn Eye" It
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4 . Comel West, Progb= Deliverance
Page 259 and 260:
Herman Leach, July 30,1994, Yazoo C
Page 261 and 262:
Correspondence Letter from Sundiata
Page 263 and 264:
Carson, Clayborne, et al. The Eyes
Page 265 and 266:
Jordan, Winthrop, Tumult and Silenc
Page 267 and 268:
Payne, Charles, 1've Got the Light
Page 269 and 270:
DissertationslTheses Barksdale, Mar
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