Eye for an Eye: The Role of Armed Resistance ... - Freedom Archives

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of Mink Slide . When the Chief of Police and three officers attempted to enter Mink Slide to investigate gunfire, they were ordered to halt by Columbia's Black sentry. The Chief and the other officers were shot and wounded, after refusing to recognize the orders of the black civilian patrol . After the engagement between the Columbia police and the Black sentry, the Maury County Sheriff, J .J . Underwood, contacted Tennessee Governor Jim Nance to get the assistance of the state Highway Patrol and State Guard to put down the armed mobilization of Blacks in Columbia. On the morning of February 26th, a superior force of over 500 Tennessee state police and militia was able to suppress the armed Black sentry. Not only did the state Patrol and Guard disarm Columbia's Blacks, but Mink Slide was ransacked . Thirty-one members of Columbia's Black community were indicted, twenty-five of them charged with attempted murder of the four policemen . The case of the Columbia defendants became a national cause for the NAACP and other human rights organizations . One important argument for the defense was that given the memory of lynchings and recent history of police brutality, Columbia's Blacks were reasonably acting in self-defense . To the sur- prise of many, a jury in Lawrence County (where the trial took place) only found two of the Columbia defendants guilty of attempted murder. One of the two convicted defendants was later retried and exonerated . The Columbia case was significant for the post-World War II Civil Rights Movement because it served as a national mobilizing point immediately after the War." Another case of Black self-defense would also serve as a national and international case for the post-World War II Civil Rights Movement . The case of Rosa Ingram emphasized the right of Black women to protection from white
apists . In February of 1948, Mrs. Rosa Ingram, a widow with twelve children, and her two teenaged sons Wallace and Sammy were convicted of murdering a white farmer, John Ed Stratford . The Ingrams defense was that Stratford threat- ened her and struck her with a .32 caliber rifle after she refused his advances . Fearing for their mother's safety, according to their testimony, the two Ingram sons came to her defense . Wallace disarmed Stratford and hit him with the weapon . Stratford died from blows received during the struggle . The Ingrams were convicted by an all-white jury in a one-day trial and sentenced to death . A coalition of civil rights and progressive groups and individuals came to the sup- port of the Ingrams, including the NAACP, the American Communist Party, churches and women's organizations . In 1949, W.E.B . DuBois submitted an appeal to the member governments of the United Nations . As a part of its cam- paign to expose the racist and imperialist nature of the U .S ., the People's Republic of China condemned the imprisonment and death sentences of the Ingrams. The Chinese statement declared the Ingrams "have been illegally kept in prison for more than four years and are suffering from cruel torture, on account of the fact they defended their honor and stood against racial discrimination ." Condemning the U .S .A . the Chinese stated the" brutal treatment towards Negroes is no different from that of fascists towards the Jews ." Domestic and international pressure prevented the Ingrams from execution and they were paroled in 1959 . 56 An armed Black uprising was prevented by CIO labor organizers in 1946 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Workers of R.J . Reynolds tobacco company went on strike in the Summer of the same year. The strike was organized by the CIO affiliate Food, Tobacco, Agricultural and Allied Workers (FI'A) . The FTA
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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This is an authorized facsimile, ma
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ABSTRACT Although, the Civil Rights
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Light and Power on their spirits Mo
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Eye for an Eye: The Role ofArmed Re
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Ch
Page 13 and 14: armed resistance in Black struggle
Page 15 and 16: Review of the Literature The Litera
Page 17 and 18: from advocates of armed self-defens
Page 19 and 20: the Movement. Each of these authors
Page 21 and 22: whom were committed to and practice
Page 23 and 24: and enforced against Black humanity
Page 25 and 26: transcript" of insurgency that has
Page 27 and 28: Chapter One: Historic Armed Black R
Page 29 and 30: to Kongolese armies. The use of arm
Page 31 and 32: people who were antagonistic to the
Page 33 and 34: nation, and to promise Africans fre
Page 35 and 36: coons to chattel status. Rather tha
Page 37 and 38: South legal . The Seminoles prepare
Page 39 and 40: more than slaves or mercenaries . A
Page 41 and 42: maroons, calling themselves the "Ki
Page 43 and 44: Adams county, Mississippi, in 1861
Page 45 and 46: The same year abolitionist and fugi
Page 47 and 48: separate Black army with its own "c
Page 49 and 50: soldiers defended their sisters and
Page 51 and 52: Southern whites were not willing to
Page 53 and 54: die where they stood before they wo
Page 55 and 56: teers throughout Hinds county. Real
Page 57 and 58: supremacy was not secure without th
Page 59 and 60: hours . While in each case there we
Page 61 and 62: of Alabama, to be armed at their me
Page 63: initiated gunfire after hearing rum
Page 67 and 68: U .S . Army, was known as a sharpsh
Page 69 and 70: 11 . Kenneth Wiggins Porter, The Ne
Page 71 and 72: 31 . Edwin S. Redkey, AGrand Army o
Page 73 and 74: North Carolina Press, 19903, 44-45
Page 75 and 76: in the Age of Jim C,Eow, states tha
Page 77 and 78: S 1,614 for whites . Close to two-t
Page 79 and 80: ers his father would not allow him
Page 81 and 82: ist mob continued their intimidatio
Page 83 and 84: unit designed after the Mau Mau of
Page 85 and 86: the 1954 U .S . Supreme Court decis
Page 87 and 88: he refused to persuade the thirty r
Page 89 and 90: Meredith to "Ole Miss." Because of
Page 91 and 92: eturned home around midnight . Myrl
Page 93 and 94: 11 . C.O . Chinn, interview by the
Page 95 and 96: crime . He was abducted by a mob of
Page 97 and 98: Chapter Three: The Non-Violent Move
Page 99 and 100: as the popular leader of this new o
Page 101 and 102: ments for protest based on moral an
Page 103 and 104: ticed some form of self-defense cov
Page 105 and 106: and NAACP organizer. Moore had assi
Page 107 and 108: On Moore's recommendation, Moses fi
Page 109 and 110: house, under pillows, under chairs
Page 111 and 112: lacks to challenge Amite's white po
Page 113 and 114: including Medgar Evers and Roy Wilk
Page 115 and 116:
practice of self-defense . To warn
Page 117 and 118:
Mississippi officials, charging the
Page 119 and 120:
Anyone participating in the march h
Page 121 and 122:
and harassed, local police did not
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Blacks alike were amazed that the g
Page 125 and 126:
ase for SNCCICOFO and the Mississip
Page 127 and 128:
with its own identity in the state
Page 129 and 130:
military soured after Chinn openly
Page 131 and 132:
Besides this group of protective gu
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for younger activists to challenge
Page 135 and 136:
9, 1984, 1-B- 10B ; Chuck McDew int
Page 137 and 138:
47 . Ibid, 178-179 ; Dennis, interv
Page 139 and 140:
demonstrate that disenfranchised Mi
Page 141 and 142:
franchised Black voters, the organi
Page 143 and 144:
themselves and advising SNCC activi
Page 145 and 146:
massacre as implied by Hall . Other
Page 147 and 148:
to be a force in the Southern movem
Page 149 and 150:
CORE also was engaged in debate con
Page 151 and 152:
Schwerner, and one Freedom Summer v
Page 153 and 154:
Goodman . Another element of this c
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Black history, Movement politics, a
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Harmony school and bused Harmony's
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economic arena was also displayed i
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on, in Brown's words, the "organiza
Page 163 and 164:
There was a fine line . There was a
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(formerly known as Stokley Carmicha
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Union Baptist Church, led by its pa
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terrorist violence was initiated by
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Reeves family had a history of bein
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and Movement activists of McComb .
Page 175 and 176:
friend by pretending he was only pa
Page 177 and 178:
and cohesiveness of each community.
Page 179 and 180:
lenge the credentials of the segreg
Page 181 and 182:
5 . Hollis Watkins, interviewed in
Page 183 and 184:
28 . Dovie Hudson, interviewed in B
Page 185 and 186:
56 . Bob Moses, interview by the au
Page 187 and 188:
turn followed a different posture t
Page 189 and 190:
cials were uneasy about Charles bec
Page 191 and 192:
Cooper stated " We had 30.06. We ha
Page 193 and 194:
Charles Evers's stated: He encourag
Page 195 and 196:
the boycott. Arange of coercive tac
Page 197 and 198:
thereby silenced and neutralized by
Page 199 and 200:
crushed when a police car led a Kla
Page 201 and 202:
Robert Williams . Thomas had read a
Page 203 and 204:
of the Deacons in Bogulusa. The lea
Page 205 and 206:
McKeithen also called for negotiati
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settlers . Natchez was the hub for
Page 209 and 210:
would spark an acceleration of acti
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Even though the police officers wer
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U.S . Constitution [including the S
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e known, you better figure on dying
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situation that day: These pecker wo
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of the Deacons capabilities, provid
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unless City government acted favora
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Black community to enforce its deci
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claiming victory , announcing the m
Page 227 and 228:
teams to enforce the boyott1 In Cla
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argument between Shields, and a whi
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Jackson also led to near uprising b
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implementing the Natchez model, Rud
Page 235 and 236:
Okolona, Tupelo, and Byhalia. The U
Page 237 and 238:
18 . Porter, Interview with Deacon
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44 . Ibid ; Young, interview by aut
Page 241 and 242:
73 . Ibid. 74 . James Scott, interv
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CONCLUSION ". . ..the armed liberat
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existence of armed resistance in th
Page 247 and 248:
Some may argue that the evidence pr
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ofthe Movement and doesn't apprecia
Page 251 and 252:
it was necessary for the Black comm
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the white power structure but also
Page 255 and 256:
Significance of "Eye forAn Eye" It
Page 257 and 258:
4 . Comel West, Progb= Deliverance
Page 259 and 260:
Herman Leach, July 30,1994, Yazoo C
Page 261 and 262:
Correspondence Letter from Sundiata
Page 263 and 264:
Carson, Clayborne, et al. The Eyes
Page 265 and 266:
Jordan, Winthrop, Tumult and Silenc
Page 267 and 268:
Payne, Charles, 1've Got the Light
Page 269 and 270:
DissertationslTheses Barksdale, Mar
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