Book of Abstracts - Geyseco

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01 - PL - Plenary Sessions Lectures ago suggested the existence of a repressor of JA responses targeted by SCF COI1 for degradation by the proteasome in response to JA. Another important step in the pathway is represented by the transcription factor MYC2, which regulates several responses to JA. However, several key questions such as the link between these two steps in the pathway (MYC2 and SCF COI1 ), the nature of the bioactive hormone and the identity of its receptor remained unknown. We have recently identified a novel family of JA-regulated nuclear targets of SCF COI1 , named JAZ (Jasmonate ZIM-domain proteins). JAZ proteins are repressors of AtMYC2, linking the previous known steps in the pathway. Moreover, the identification of JAZ repressors has also paved the way to identify the jasmonate receptor (the F-box COI1) and the bioactive form of the hormone [(+)-7-iso-JA-Ile]. Recently, the identification of a Novel-Interactor-of-JAZ proteins (NINJA) has uncovered the mechanism by which JAZ proteins repress MYC2 activity. How these discoveries help to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying JA-signalling will be discussed during the seminar. PL11: FROM PLANT-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS TO ECOGENETICS OF PLANT-MICROBE COMMUNITIES Schulze-Lefert, P.* Max Plankc Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany *Corresponding author, e-mail: schlef@mpiz-koeln.mpg.de Parasitic and symbiotic associations between plants and microbes are merely the two extreme outcomes of a continuum of inter-organismal interactions affecting plant productivity. Little is understood about plant-microbe interactions that are, at first glance, symptomless. Complex communities of poorly studied plant-associated microbes are an untapped reservoir that can promote plant health and productivity. We have begun to examine the microbiome of the Arabidopsis rhizosphere using T-RFLP and 454 pyrosequencing profiling methods. I will describe the structure of root-associated bacterial communities found in natural soil and our attempts to examine the genetic basis of their formation. PL12: MECHANISMS AND PHENOTYPIC CONSE- QUENCES OF DNA METHYLATION IN ARABIDOPSIS Colot, V.* Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS, Paris, France *Corresponding author, e-mail: colot@biologie.ens.fr DNA methylation plays key roles in the control of genome activity in plants and mammals. It is critical for the stable silencing of repeat elements and is also involved in the epigenetic regulation of some genes. Despite similarities in the controlling functions of DNA methylation, its dynamics and deposition patterns differ in several respects between plants and mammals. One of the most striking differences is that plants tend to propagate pre-existing DNA methylation states across generations, whereas mammals re-establish them genome wide at every generation. Our recent findings on the transgenerational stability of DNA methylation patterns in Arabidopsis will be presented. The role of RNAi in the incremental methylation and silencing of repeat elements over successive generations and in the preservation of normal expression of neighboring genes will be highlighted PL13: MAKING OIL IN BIOMASS BY REGULATING FATTY ACID BREAKDOWN AND LIPID SYNTHESIS PA- THWAYS. Graham, I; Slocombe, S; He, Z; Dyer, J; Hernandez, L; Larson, TR. University of York *Corresponding author, e-mail: iag1@york.ac.uk Plant oils in the form of triacylglycerol (TAG) are used for food, industrial feedstock and biofuel manufacture. Although TAG is typically harvested from the fruit or seeds of oil crop species, plants can also accumulate small amounts of TAG in the leaves and other vegetative tissues. Partitioning of fatty acids into TAG involves several endoplasmic reticulum associated acyltransferases. We have found that when fatty acid breakdown is blocked in seedlings of the model plant Arabidopsis, recycling of fatty acids back into oil body TAG occurs. A soluble cytosolic acyltransferase appears to be involved in this process. In older vegetative leaves, we have found that TAG levels can be increased significantly (10–20 fold) by blocking fatty acid breakdown, particularly during extended dark treatments or leaf senescence. Generation of a double mutant in fatty acid breakdown and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) results in a severe vegetative growth phenotype suggesting that partitioning of fatty acids to TAG in leaves is carried out predominantly by this acyltransferase. Ectopic expression of LEC2, a seed development transcription factor involved in storage product accumulation results in accumulation of seed oil type species of TAG in senescing tissue that are blocked in fatty acid breakdown. Our data suggests that recycled membrane fatty acids can be re-directed to TAG by expressing the seed-programme in senescing tissue or by a block in fatty acid breakdown. This work raises the possibility of producing significant amounts of oil in vegetative tissues of biomass crops such as Miscanthus. PL14: PLANTS RESPONSES TO GLOBAL CHANGE Valladares, F.* Instituto Recursos Naturales CSIC *Corresponding author, e-mail: valladares@ccma.csic.es Current environmental change is having important impacts on plant performance. Global change involves not only a general trend of increasing air temperatures but also an increased frequency of extreme climatic events, habitat fragmentation and degradation, and high rates of biotic exchange leading to assemblages of novel communities of plants, animals and microorganisms. Plant responses to these changes involve plastic phenotypic changes (e.g. acclimation), passive tolerance of the increased stress, rapid microevolutionary changes, and, if all this fails, local extinctions. There are two main novelties of global change pressures for plants: the speed of the environmental change and the fact that it involves changes in several biotic and abiotic factors simultaneously. While plant stress physiology has promoted active research, plant physiology under multiple stresses still requires extensive attention. I illustrate what we know and what we should know about plant physiology under global change conditions with examples of Mediterranean ecosystems where water limitations are exacerbated by climate change. Impacts of changing water availabilities coupled to changes in the light environment are mediated by other co-occurring factors such as soil fertility and air temperature, but also by the presence and performance of other competing or symbiotic organisms. Co-existing plants can either facilitate or outcompete the study species and the stress level imposed by water is profoundly affected by organisms in the soil. PL15: MECHANISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE ENDODER- MIS AS A SELECTIVE AND PROTECTIVE ROOT-SOIL INTERFACE Geldner, N.* University of Lausanne *Corresponding author, e-mail: Niko.Geldner@unil.ch We analyse the molecular mechanisms that underlie the development and function of the root endodermis in Arabidopsis. The endodermis is a cell layer in the root of all higher plants and thought to be of central importance for plant nutrition and stress resistance. We have established molecular markers which demonstrate that the endodermal plasma membrane has two separate polar domains of distinct function. Our description of endodermal PL
FESPB 2010 - XVII Congress of the Federation of European Societies of Plant Biology development reveals that the plasma membrane domain at the Casparian Strips (CSD) separates these two complementary polar domains and has features analogous to animal tight and adherens junction, establishing the endodermis as a new cellular system that displays many of the features of polarised epithelia in animals. We have identified a family of conserved, plant-specific transmembrane proteins of unknown function that predict and mark the site of CSD formation. We show that their lackof-function leads to disorganised formation of Casparian Strips. Molecular analysis of these proteins suggests that they are major constituents of this plant tight junction equivalent. In addition we have undertaken forward genetic screens and have identified a number of mutant with strong, but apparently specific defects in the formation of the endodermal barrier. Our developmental and cell biological analysis of endodermal differentiation now allows us to manipulate endodermal differentiation. We investigate the role of the endodermis in lateral root formation, pathogen infection and plant nutrition. In addition, we use the endodermis as a model to address fundamental questions of plant cell polarisation and the biosynthesis, degradation and localised deposition of cell wall material. PL16: HOW GROWING PLANTS TRANSFORM GENE EXPRESSION INTO SHAPE CHANGES: MAKING EX- PLICIT THE ROLE OF MECHANICS DURING MERIS- TEM GROWTH AT CELL RESOLUTION Godin, C.* INRIA - UMR DAP - Développement et Amélioration des Plantes , Montpellier, France *Corresponding author, e-mail: christophe.godin@inria.fr The generation of new organs at the apex of meristems is controlled by physiological processes that have been extensively studied in the past decade. Auxin transport for instance makes it possible to accumulate auxin at key locations in the meristem which in turn triggers primordia outgrowth, while growth itself was shown to be decisively affected in each cell by the orientation of cortical microtubules. We are now at a point where growth can be interpreted quantitatively as a result of these processes and their control by genes. At the core of this system, the physical forces between cells make it possible to transform physiological information at cell level into shape changes at tissue level. In this talk I will describe the recent advances made to model this mechanical interaction from cell to cell during plant growth and show preliminary applications of these models to interpret tissue deformation corresponding to organ outgrowth at the shoot apical meristem. Contrary to previous reports, both the large (VPS35, VPS29, VPS26) and small (sorting nexins 1 and 2) subunits of retromer locate to the trans Golgi network (TGN) and not the multivesicular, prevacuolar compartment (PVC). This fact, together with the knowledge that in plants the TGN functions as an early endosome has consequences for our understanding of biosynthetic and endocytic trafficking to the vacuole. Retromer recycles vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) and our data suggest that recycling occurs from the TGN to the ER. We also have data which indicate that VSRs already interact with their cargo ligands in the ER, and exit the ER in a COPII-independent manner. Endocytosed proteins which are destined for degradation are selectively internalized into the luminally located vesicles of the PVC with the help of the ESCRT complex. Immunolocalization studies indicate that the different ESCRT complexes are arranged sequentially downstream of the Golgi apparatus. Recent observations highlight the dynamic nature of the TGN. This organelle appears to be continually formed and released from the Golgi stack suggesting that the separation of secretory and vacuolar traffic must occur through a division of the TGN. The “vacuolar“ part of the TGN presumably then matures into the PVC. PL18: MAPPING CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE GE- NOME, IONOME AND THE PHYSICAL LANDSCAPE Salt, D. E.* Purdue University *Corresponding author, e-mail: dsalt@purdue.edu Understanding how organisms control their ionome or mineral nutrient and trace element composition, could have a significant impact on both plant and human health. Furthermore, associating the genetic determinants that underlie natural ionomics variation, with the landscape of the individuals that carry these genotypes, will provide insight into the genetic basis of adaptation and speciation. Using Arabidopsis thaliana we have employed high-throughput mineral nutrient and trace element profiling to determine the biological significance of connections between an organisms genome and its ionome. We have used PCR-based positional cloning, DNA microarray based approaches, QTL and association mapping to identify genes that control the ionome. Association of polymorphic loci with the landscape is starting to reveal the genetic architecture underlying specific adaptations to the environment. We are also finding specific ionomic “fingerprints” associated with functionally related sets of genes, and with the physiological status of the organism. Further, we have developed a publicly searchable online database containing over 3.7 million ionomic data elements from over 1900 different experiments (www.ionomicshub.org), and the database is being updated regularly. PL17: RETROMER RELOADED: A REAPPRAISAL OF POST-GOLGI TRAFFICKING Robinson, D.G* - Niemes, S - Pimpl, P - Scheuring, D - Viotti, C. HIP-Cell Biology, Univ. Heidelberg *Corresponding author, e-mail: david.robinson@urz.uni-heidelberg.de
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Author Index Aarts, M.G. S18-002 Ab
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Cattivelli, L. P01-031 Cawly, J. P1
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Gallego, B. P17-037 Gallego, P.P. P
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Kersten, B. P10-017 Keskin, O. P05-
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Miguel, C. S02-001, P01-122 Milhinh
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Ramiro, M. P09-018 Ramon, M P13-002
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Tanimoto, E. P01-045 Tarakanov, I.
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Book of Abstracts - Geyseco

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