7 - Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research

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Digital Library: File Formats, Standards and Protocols Umesha Naik and Shivalingaiah D. Abstract The development of the WWW and other networked digital information systems has provided information professionals with many opportunities, while at the same time requiring them to confront issues that they have not had occasion to explore previously. Now the mode of conversion, storage and dissemination of information are changing in electronic era. This paper highlights the various file formats, standards and protocols which may act as a guideline for preservation, maintenance, storage and access of digital materials. This paper also considers in depth the issue surrounding the file formats, standards and protocols of the digital library materials. As with so many issues surrounding digitization the question of choosing which file format, standardisation and protocols to use both store and access the information is somewhat vexed one. There is a great need for adopting various standards and best practices to build interoperable digital libraries. Keywords: Digital Library, File Formats, Standards, Protocols, Metadata, Z39.50, MARC 21, Image files, Text files, Program Files, Structured files. 1. Introduction Digital library is a collection of digital objects, including text, video and audio along with methods for access, retrieval, selection, organisation and maintenance of the collection. The important point is that a digital library has materials stored in a computer system in a format that allows it to be manipulated and delivered in ways that the conventional version of the materials cannot be. File formats vary in terms of resolution, bit-depth, colour capabilities, and support for compression and metadata. As with all matters to do with computers there are standards which impinge on the area of digital libraries. The standards fall into three areas - material description, user access and system architecture. The quality and the formats of the items may vary Lecturer considerably, particularly where results whether they are hit lists or the final required objects, come from a number of sources. The goal is to access relevant information seamlessly, regardless of its type and location. A protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use when they communicate. 2. Text and Document Files A file that consists of text characters without any formatting information it is also known as an ASCII file. A text file can be read by any word processor and file that contains characters in a plain human-readable format. 2.1 Text file The lowest common denominator of text file formats contains only ASCII characters without any special formatting. A text is not an undifferentiated sequence of words, much less of bytes. There are actually two forms of ASCII: standard and extended. Standard ASCII contains codes for 128 characters (i.e. a 7 bit binary code). Ed ________________________________________________________________________ Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri-574199; E-mail:umeshai@yahoo.com 94
It is transportable across all networks and capable of being accessed and manipulated on all computers. Extend ASCII is a non-standard format containing codes for 256 characters. It is the most basic file format used to transfer data on the Internet. 2.2 Portable Document File (PDF) PDF has become a popular format for producing and delivering electronic files on and off the Web. These files are generally larger than plain text files and the quality of reproduction is higher, especially in print. A special reader, Acrobat Reader software for Windows, Macintosh, and Sun is required and is available free from Adobe Systems Inc. 2.3 Rich Text Files (RTF) This is supported by the majority of word processing software packages such as Microsoft Word, Word Perfect, etc. and works on any operating system (Windows, Mac, UNIX, etc.). It was not however designed as a full-featured typesetting language. It defines control words and symbols that serve as "common denominator" formatting commands. 2.4 Microsoft Word or Document file (DOC) It enables us to create, edit, print and save documents for future retrieval and reference. Creating a document involves typing by using a keyboard and saving it. Editing a document involves correcting the spelling mistakes, if any, deleting or moving words sentences or paragraphs. Text is typing into the computer, which allows alterations to be made easily. 3. Image Files Graphic files are in one of two basics designs, these two designs serve different purposes and it is essential to where and why anyone should use one or the other. Because of the bandwidth issues surrounding networked delivery of information and because image files contain so much information, Web graphics are by necessity compressed. Different graphic file formats employ varying compression schemes, and some are designed to work better than others for certain types of graphics. 3.1 Tag Image File Format (TIFF) TIFF is the format of choice for archiving important images. it is the leading commercial and professional image standard. It supports up to 48 bits and most colour spaces, RGB, CMYK, YCbCr, etc. It is a flexible format with many options. TIFF with G3 compression is the universal standard for fax and multi-page line art documents. TIFF graphics can be any resolution, in black and white, gray-scaled, or colour and is used un-compressed or LZW compressed. This is the most universal and most widely supported format across all platforms like Macintosh, Windows, UNIX and Linux. 3.2 Portable Network Graphics (PNG) PNG has been developed to replace the aging GIF format and it is supported by both Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator it also supports progressive rendering, as interlaced GIFs do, and tends to compress better than a GIF. PNG does not support lossy compression because its developers believed that JPEG was a satisfactory standard in 95
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Proceedings of the Conference on Re
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CONTENTS Invited Talks Knowledge Sh
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Technical Session IV : KNOWLEDGE SH
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Digital Collection Development Dhan
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3.3 E-Journals Electronic journals
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disseminate information on speciali
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2.Justification of the Project The
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ack 12 Leased Line 1 mbps port char
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Central Institute of Indian Languag
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access the full text articles from
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• Integrated authority control an
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References 1. Gopal, Krishan, Digit
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1. Characteristics of Digital Libra
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Computer CPU, PCI Bus, Ethernet, S
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Digital Library Collection Developm
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will have to develop mechanisms for
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collection management in a distribu
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Electronic Collections Collection T
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Timeliness The electronic resources
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Digital library Infrastructure and
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• User acceptability from their d
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• Technical skills (Knowledge of
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is most prevalent format. In PDF fo
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NextGen Digital Resource Centre: On
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Liaison”. To streamline, some of
Page 52 and 53: 4. Online Resources With careful wa
Page 54 and 55: 5.3 Lakshya: Mode of Access In curr
Page 56 and 57: Information Management
Page 58 and 59: 2. Content Management Activities Id
Page 60 and 61: 2.3 IGC Reports digitization activi
Page 62 and 63: (TEI) have been proposed as encodin
Page 64 and 65: Overview of Object Oriented Databas
Page 66 and 67: 6. Object Oriented Database Managem
Page 68 and 69: Automatic Extraction of Proper name
Page 70 and 71: ‣ Legend words prefixed to a word
Page 72 and 73: ii. iii. considered as non-signific
Page 74 and 75: Keywords and phrases Information pr
Page 76 and 77: In the Internet era, digital librar
Page 78 and 79: • Reduce Maintenance Time - Devel
Page 80 and 81: preservation but differs from it in
Page 82 and 83: First, an organization must underst
Page 84 and 85: 13. Multimedia Metadata Standards M
Page 86 and 87: 3. Definition of Metadata . www.ter
Page 88 and 89: All Dublin Core elements are option
Page 90 and 91: Some libraries use TEI headers to d
Page 92 and 93: Keywords relate solely to the subje
Page 94 and 95: possible, data are entered by choos
Page 96 and 97: Label: Definition : Comment : Eleme
Page 98 and 99: Some digital library systems are us
Page 100 and 101: definition or meaning of the elemen
Page 104 and 105: that area. It provides an improved
Page 106 and 107: subject, description, source, langu
Page 108 and 109: 9.1 Internet Explorer (IE) This is
Page 110 and 111: e well specified and may be differe
Page 112 and 113: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Page 114 and 115: can be split into as many areas as
Page 116 and 117: to the fact that GSM network is a d
Page 118 and 119: network. cdmaOne supports data traf
Page 120 and 121: 9. Conclusion Wireless networks con
Page 122 and 123: ISH information is supplementary to
Page 124 and 125: Production and Information use of p
Page 126 and 127: emanded by the U.S. Circuit Court o
Page 128 and 129: Information Technology Infrastructu
Page 130 and 131: The object of Change Management is
Page 132 and 133: Continuity Management is concerned
Page 134 and 135: The web service activity statement
Page 136 and 137: ‘A set of interrelated units that
Page 138 and 139: ---To introduce new communication t
Page 140 and 141: 2. Systems approach to appropriate
Page 142 and 143: • Utilizing world-wide resources
Page 144 and 145: 5. Proposed Model As has already be
Page 146 and 147: 3. Kumaruguru College of Technology
Page 148 and 149: If visuals, like handwritten or cop
Page 150 and 151: Knowledge Discovery Tools and Techn
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8. Interpretation: Includes interpr
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and accuracy of the generated rules
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with other security mechanisms alre
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As simulation was added to the trad
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data. The plant data generated at d
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Information professionals can play
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2. Knowledge organization: An organ
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financial resources on information
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innovation systems of a country. Ho
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esults to vocabulary which occurs d
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epresented in the figure. The basic
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Metadata is data that describes dat
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7. Knowledge Management Using GNOWS
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19.Joel Mintzes, James Wandersee an
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2. Merits The successful implementa
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a KMS program. Like product develop
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Advances in Knowledge Management Ku
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applied information. Both forms of
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a mind set of working with co-worke
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Rewards and recognition address the
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The process architecture covers tho
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Institutionalization of 'best pract
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people are so busy just getting the
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and it is matter of time that other
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knowledge management practices alon
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(Fig.1 A frame work for Our Knowled
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# Consistency in Content delivery #
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Knowledge Sharing Techniques
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2. Traditional Translation In tradi
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This is particularly useful for com
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7. Conclusion In this age of digita
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Figure - 1 SIRD SET UP DB 1 DB 2 Fl
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Figure 3 Deployment Diagram 5. Impl
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Figure .5 Search Results Screen 6.S
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Coordination Model for Communicatio
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them. That is, the world where agen
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suit open applications, where a num
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Preservation of Digital Information
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documents. It increases the product
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DESKTOP WORD, PDF DOC XML HTML WIRE
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Digital Libraries and Changing Role
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(iv) Those who are intermixed betwe
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Digital Library: The Change Managem
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• The Change Problem • Change a
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9. Change happens only through peop
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3. Access the required photocopy fo
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Date of request Date of request mai
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TIFR 36% TMC 2% SINP 13% BARC 17% E
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References 1. Mignon Adams. Rethink
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systems. It is believed that while
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3.4 Magnetic Diskettes Magnetic Dis
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6. Contextual Demands The contextua
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Information overload Organizational
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AGRILIBNET: A Web Portal Rathinasab
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3. Agricultural Library Resource Sh
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o The proposed AGRILIBNET will be h
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7. Projct Progress The project has
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APPENDIX -1 List of State Agricultu
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APPENDIX-II State Agricultural Univ
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century and a half ago.” And so m
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The database is divide into two sec
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the work/s within a manuscript. 11.
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266 The Data Elements Which Are Not
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268 Table -3 The Elements Which Are
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270 References: 1. M L Saini. “Ma
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2. RFID Technology in Libraries The
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3.3 Anti-collision If many tags are
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3.5.5 Class 4: Read-Write (with Int
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5. Implementation of RFID: The meth
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several items in a stack can be rea
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Author Index Akhtar Hussain, 77 Mah
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7 - Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research

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