7 - Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research

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network. cdmaOne supports data traffic at rates of 4.8 and 14.4 kbps. The OSI model protocol architecture of cdmaOne is shown in Figure 8. Layer 1 deals with the actual radio transmission, frequency use, etc. Layer 2 offers a best effort delivery of voice and data packets. The MAC sublayer of this layer also performs channel management. Data originating from different sources are multiplexed and handed for transmission to the physical layer. 6.1 Network Architecture cdmaOne reuses the AMPS spectrum in the 800 MHz band. cdmaOne uses a channel width of 1.228 MHz both on the uplink and downlink. Therefore, 41 30 kHz AMPS channels are grouped together for cdmaOne operation. In cdmaOne, the same frequency is reused in all cells of the system. This leads to a frequency reuse factor of 1 and is due to the fact that cdmaOne identifies the transmissions of different mobiles via the different spreading codes that identify each mobile. Both cdmaOne BSs and MSs utilize antennas that have more than one element (RAKE receivers) in order to combat the fading wireless medium via space diversity. The use of CDMA for user separation imposes the need for precise synchronization between BSs in order to avoid too much interference. This synchronization problem is solved via the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers at each BS. Once the BSs are synchronized, which in turn synchronize MSs with them. cdmaOne utilizes the IS-41 network protocol. The topology of IS-41 shown in Figure 9 is quite similar to that of the network side of GSM. It is defined by a number of functional entities. The way two functional entities communicate and exchange information is defined by the corresponding interface. The entities shown in this figure are described briefly below: AC - Access Control, BS - Base Station, CSS - Cellular Subscriber Station, EIR - Equipment identity Register, HLR - Home Location Register, ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network, MC - Message Center, MSC - Mobile Switching Center, SME - Short Message Entity, VLR - Visitor Location Register Figure 8: IS-41 network topology used by CDMA 6.2. Channels Downlink (Forward) channels are those carrying traffic from the BS to the MSs. The cdmaOne downlink is composed of 64 channels distinguished from each other by using different CDMA spreading codes, W0 to W63. The spreading code is an orthogonal code, or called Walsh function. The cdmaOne downlink comprises common control and dedicated traffic channels, most important of which are Pilot, Sync, Paging channels and 110
Traffic channels. cdmaOne uses Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation for transmitting the resulting signal over wireless medium. Uplink (Reverse) channels are of two types: access and traffic. There can be up to 32 access channels on the uplink, each of which operates at 4800 bps. These channels are used by MSs to initiate calls and respond to paging messages. There can be up to 62 traffic channels on the uplink. These are used to carry user data. The encoded spread data stream is transmitted over the wireless medium via Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK) modulation. OQPSK provides more Forward Error Correction (FEC) than QPSK since MSs cannot coordinate their transmissions as efficiently as BSs. 7. Comparison of GSM and CDMA Table given below shows the comparison of the most popular 2G Mobile standards. Feature GSM CDMA (IS-95) Technology Digital Circuit Switched technology based on TDMA Digital Circuit Switched technology based on Spread Spectrum Data Rate 9.6 ~ 14.4 Kbps 9.6~14.4 Kbps (IS-95A), 115 Kbps (IS- 95B) Modulation GMSK QPSK , OQPSK Frequency and Carrier 900 MHz or 1.9 GHz 200 kHz 800 MHz or 1.9 GHz 1.25 MHz Voice Quality Good Good Coverage 35 km (max) 100 km (max) System Capacity Good Excellent Hand-off Hard Soft International Roaming Excellent Limited Battery Life of handset Excellent Good Handset Selection Wide choice Limited choice Major Countries Europe, India USA Cellular Subscribers 75% (1.36 Billion) 14% (250 Million) 8. Future Mobile Systems 2G systems are limited in terms of maximum data rate, which makes them practically useless for the increased requirements of future mobile applications. Third generation (3G) mobile and wireless networks aim to fulfill the demands of multimedia communication. 3G standardization activities resulted in three main 3G standards with efficient support for both voice and high bit-rate data services. • EDGE is a TDMA-based system that evolves from GSM and IS-136 and offers data rates up to 473 kbps. • Cdma2000 is a fully backwards-compatible descendant of IS-95 enabling smooth transition of a 2G IS-95 system to a 3G system and it supports data rates up to 2 Mbps. • WCDMA is a CDMA-based system that introduces a new 5-MHz wide channel structure. WCDMA is also capable of offering speeds up to 2 Mbps. The vision of 4G and future mobile systems aims at providing higher data rates and system interoperability. 111
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Proceedings of the Conference on Re
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CONTENTS Invited Talks Knowledge Sh
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Technical Session IV : KNOWLEDGE SH
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Digital Collection Development Dhan
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3.3 E-Journals Electronic journals
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disseminate information on speciali
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2.Justification of the Project The
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ack 12 Leased Line 1 mbps port char
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Central Institute of Indian Languag
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access the full text articles from
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• Integrated authority control an
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References 1. Gopal, Krishan, Digit
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1. Characteristics of Digital Libra
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Computer CPU, PCI Bus, Ethernet, S
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Digital Library Collection Developm
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will have to develop mechanisms for
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collection management in a distribu
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Electronic Collections Collection T
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Timeliness The electronic resources
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Digital library Infrastructure and
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• User acceptability from their d
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• Technical skills (Knowledge of
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is most prevalent format. In PDF fo
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NextGen Digital Resource Centre: On
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Liaison”. To streamline, some of
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4. Online Resources With careful wa
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5.3 Lakshya: Mode of Access In curr
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Information Management
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2. Content Management Activities Id
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2.3 IGC Reports digitization activi
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(TEI) have been proposed as encodin
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Overview of Object Oriented Databas
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6. Object Oriented Database Managem
Page 68 and 69: Automatic Extraction of Proper name
Page 70 and 71: ‣ Legend words prefixed to a word
Page 72 and 73: ii. iii. considered as non-signific
Page 74 and 75: Keywords and phrases Information pr
Page 76 and 77: In the Internet era, digital librar
Page 78 and 79: • Reduce Maintenance Time - Devel
Page 80 and 81: preservation but differs from it in
Page 82 and 83: First, an organization must underst
Page 84 and 85: 13. Multimedia Metadata Standards M
Page 86 and 87: 3. Definition of Metadata . www.ter
Page 88 and 89: All Dublin Core elements are option
Page 90 and 91: Some libraries use TEI headers to d
Page 92 and 93: Keywords relate solely to the subje
Page 94 and 95: possible, data are entered by choos
Page 96 and 97: Label: Definition : Comment : Eleme
Page 98 and 99: Some digital library systems are us
Page 100 and 101: definition or meaning of the elemen
Page 102 and 103: Digital Library: File Formats, Stan
Page 104 and 105: that area. It provides an improved
Page 106 and 107: subject, description, source, langu
Page 108 and 109: 9.1 Internet Explorer (IE) This is
Page 110 and 111: e well specified and may be differe
Page 112 and 113: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Page 114 and 115: can be split into as many areas as
Page 116 and 117: to the fact that GSM network is a d
Page 120 and 121: 9. Conclusion Wireless networks con
Page 122 and 123: ISH information is supplementary to
Page 124 and 125: Production and Information use of p
Page 126 and 127: emanded by the U.S. Circuit Court o
Page 128 and 129: Information Technology Infrastructu
Page 130 and 131: The object of Change Management is
Page 132 and 133: Continuity Management is concerned
Page 134 and 135: The web service activity statement
Page 136 and 137: ‘A set of interrelated units that
Page 138 and 139: ---To introduce new communication t
Page 140 and 141: 2. Systems approach to appropriate
Page 142 and 143: • Utilizing world-wide resources
Page 144 and 145: 5. Proposed Model As has already be
Page 146 and 147: 3. Kumaruguru College of Technology
Page 148 and 149: If visuals, like handwritten or cop
Page 150 and 151: Knowledge Discovery Tools and Techn
Page 152 and 153: 8. Interpretation: Includes interpr
Page 154 and 155: and accuracy of the generated rules
Page 156 and 157: with other security mechanisms alre
Page 158 and 159: As simulation was added to the trad
Page 160 and 161: data. The plant data generated at d
Page 162 and 163: Information professionals can play
Page 164 and 165: 2. Knowledge organization: An organ
Page 166 and 167: financial resources on information
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innovation systems of a country. Ho
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esults to vocabulary which occurs d
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epresented in the figure. The basic
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Metadata is data that describes dat
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7. Knowledge Management Using GNOWS
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19.Joel Mintzes, James Wandersee an
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2. Merits The successful implementa
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a KMS program. Like product develop
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Advances in Knowledge Management Ku
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applied information. Both forms of
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a mind set of working with co-worke
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Rewards and recognition address the
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The process architecture covers tho
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Institutionalization of 'best pract
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people are so busy just getting the
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and it is matter of time that other
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knowledge management practices alon
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(Fig.1 A frame work for Our Knowled
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# Consistency in Content delivery #
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Knowledge Sharing Techniques
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2. Traditional Translation In tradi
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This is particularly useful for com
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7. Conclusion In this age of digita
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Figure - 1 SIRD SET UP DB 1 DB 2 Fl
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Figure 3 Deployment Diagram 5. Impl
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Figure .5 Search Results Screen 6.S
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Coordination Model for Communicatio
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them. That is, the world where agen
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suit open applications, where a num
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Preservation of Digital Information
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documents. It increases the product
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DESKTOP WORD, PDF DOC XML HTML WIRE
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Digital Libraries and Changing Role
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(iv) Those who are intermixed betwe
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Digital Library: The Change Managem
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• The Change Problem • Change a
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9. Change happens only through peop
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3. Access the required photocopy fo
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Date of request Date of request mai
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TIFR 36% TMC 2% SINP 13% BARC 17% E
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References 1. Mignon Adams. Rethink
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systems. It is believed that while
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3.4 Magnetic Diskettes Magnetic Dis
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6. Contextual Demands The contextua
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Information overload Organizational
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AGRILIBNET: A Web Portal Rathinasab
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3. Agricultural Library Resource Sh
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o The proposed AGRILIBNET will be h
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7. Projct Progress The project has
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APPENDIX -1 List of State Agricultu
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APPENDIX-II State Agricultural Univ
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century and a half ago.” And so m
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The database is divide into two sec
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the work/s within a manuscript. 11.
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266 The Data Elements Which Are Not
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268 Table -3 The Elements Which Are
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270 References: 1. M L Saini. “Ma
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2. RFID Technology in Libraries The
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3.3 Anti-collision If many tags are
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3.5.5 Class 4: Read-Write (with Int
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5. Implementation of RFID: The meth
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several items in a stack can be rea
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Author Index Akhtar Hussain, 77 Mah
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7 - Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research

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