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26. Y. Morel <strong>and</strong> R. LeSuave (1986), Variabilite de l'environnement du Pacifique nord,<br />

Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 3: 361-372; T.A. Demidova, E.A. Kontar<br />

<strong>and</strong> V.M. Yubko (1996), Benthic current dynamics <strong>and</strong> some features <strong>of</strong> manganese<br />

nodule location in the Clarion-Clipperton Province, Oceanology 36: 94-101.<br />

27. S. P. Hayes (1979), Benthic current observations at DOMES sites A, B, <strong>and</strong> C in the<br />

tropical North Pacific Ocean, Marine Geology <strong>and</strong> Oceanography <strong>of</strong> the Central<br />

Pacific Manganese Nodule Province, Y.L. Bisch<strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong> D.Z. Piper (eds.) (Plenum<br />

Press, New York) 83-112; S. P. Hayes (1980), The bottom boundary layer in the<br />

eastern tropical Pacific, Journal <strong>of</strong> Physical Oceanography 10: 315-329.<br />

28. See e.g., D.P. Kennett (1982), Marine Geology (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New<br />

Jersey), 384 pp.; D. L. Trueblood <strong>and</strong> E. Ozturgut (1992), The Benthic Impact<br />

Experiment, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the 23rd Annual Underwater Mining Institute (Arlington<br />

Virginia, 27-29 September 1992); G. Baturin et al. (1991), The recovery <strong>and</strong><br />

processing <strong>of</strong> the iron-manganese nodules <strong>and</strong> the turbidity <strong>of</strong> the bottom layer <strong>of</strong> the<br />

ocean, Oceanology 31: 473-481.<br />

29. Reported by T. F. Gross, A. J. Williams III <strong>and</strong> A.R.M. Nowell (1988), A deep-sea<br />

sediment transport storm, Nature 331: 518-521.<br />

30. Ibid.<br />

31. As suggested by J. D. Craig (1979), Geological investigations <strong>of</strong> the equatorial North<br />

Pacific sea-floor: A discussion <strong>of</strong> sediment redistribution, Marine Geology <strong>and</strong><br />

Oceanography <strong>of</strong> the Central Pacific Manganese Nodule Province, Y.L. Bisch<strong>of</strong>f <strong>and</strong><br />

D.Z. Piper (eds.) (Plenum Press, New York) 529-557.<br />

32. B. H. Keating <strong>and</strong> B. R. Bolton (1992), Geology <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>fshore mineral resources <strong>of</strong> the<br />

Central Pacific Basin, Circum-Pacific Council for Energy <strong>and</strong> Mineral Resources Earth<br />

Science Series 14 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin), 296 pp.; G. N. Baturin (1988), The<br />

geochemistry <strong>of</strong> manganese <strong>and</strong> manganese nodules in the ocean (D. Reidel,<br />

Dordrecht, Netherl<strong>and</strong>s), 342 pp; A. Usui et al. (1987), Local variability <strong>of</strong> manganese<br />

nodules facies on small abyssal hills <strong>of</strong> the Central Pacific Basin, Marine Geology 74:<br />

237-275; I.O. Murdmaa <strong>and</strong> N. S. Skornyakova (1986), Manganese nodule deposits<br />

in the Central Pacific Ocean (Nauka, Moscow), 344 pp. (in Russian); J. Dymond et al.<br />

(1984), Ferromanganese nodules from MANOP sites H, S, <strong>and</strong> R: Control <strong>of</strong><br />

mineralogical <strong>and</strong> chemical composition by multiple accretionary processes,<br />

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48: 931-949; D. Z. Piper <strong>and</strong> J. R. Blueford<br />

(1982), Distribution, mineralogy <strong>and</strong> texture <strong>of</strong> manganese nodules <strong>and</strong> the relation<br />

to sedimentation at DOMES Site A in the equatorial North Pacific, Deep-Sea Research<br />

29: 927-952.<br />

33. Reported by D. L. Trueblood <strong>and</strong> E. Ozturgut (1992), The benthic impact experiment,<br />

Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the 23rd Annual Underwater Mining Institute (Arlington Virginia, 27-<br />

29 September 1992).<br />

34. Reported by A. Usui et al. (1987), Local variability <strong>of</strong> manganese nodules facies on<br />

small abyssal hills <strong>of</strong> the Central Pacific Basin, Marine Geology 74: 237-275; D. Z.<br />

Piper <strong>and</strong> J. R. Blueford (1982), Distribution, mineralogy <strong>and</strong> texture <strong>of</strong> manganese<br />

143 INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY

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