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data during the present period. Instead, a special study could be organized to offer a better understanding of the marine environment. Metal concentrations A participant questioned why nickel, for example, would escape from manganese nodules into the water when that was precisely what the miner wanted to keep, not to expel. Matisoff replied that no one knew how much metal would be released into the water. Some of it could be in particulate form rather than dissolved and still get into the food chain through bioaccumulation, depending on where it was discharged and who ate it. That seemed unlikely, since metals had a tendency toward the particulate phase, which was why the nodules existed the in the first place. Nevertheless, the relevant parameters were of concern from a chemical perspective and should be looked at. Another participant remarked that the issue of heavy metals in the food chain was a serious one. He cited the case of a fishery in which the natural concentration of mercury in the catch, taken at around 1000 metres deep, was sometimes above the limit permissible for human food. Naturally high levels of a number of heavy metals occurred in deep water, and by the time they moved into the upper levels of the food chain, the flesh of tuna or swordfish often had mercury concentrations near the highest level permissible for human consumption. If more heavy metals were mobilized into the water, they would create a potential problem that could not be ignored. One speaker, while agreeing on the need to study heavy metals and especially their accumulation in biological cycles, pointed to problems that had arisen in collecting water samples, caused not by onboard laboratory processing but by difficulties with the winch, the cover or the ship. Standardisation or recommendations in this area might have to await further efforts to resolve such problems. Matisoff responded that, while he acknowledged the problems involved when non-technical personnel tried to apply clean techniques to sampling at sea, standards could be specified, based on procedures set out in scientific papers describing how researchers had managed to acquire quality data. It remained to be seen whether those standards were appropriately followed so that the resulting data would be useful. Many laboratories were available to provide analysis. Another speaker questioned the need to analyse the metal concentration in pore water if most of the water taken up with the nodules INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 291
was ambient water. The system tested by India, using a lifting device like a potato picker, did not disturb much pore water. An engineer would want equipment that would lift the nodules and nothing else. Matisoff replied that the answer depended on the technology used; if the top 20 cm of sediment was scooped up, the entire amount of pore water could be mixed into the water column. Reference 1. International Seabed Authority (1999), Deep-Seabed Polymetallic Nodule Exploration: Development of Environmental Guidelines: Proceedings of the International Seabed Authority’s Workshop held in Sanya, Hainan Island, People’s Republic of China (1-5 June 1998), chapt. 9: Guidelines for the assessment of the environmental impacts from the exploration for polymetallic nodules in the area, pp. 219-239 (ISA, Kingston, Jamaica). Professor Craig’s suggestions at the 2001 Workshop are in chapt. 3, sect. 2.1 above. 292 INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
Page 1 and 2:
STANDARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DA
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The designations employed and the p
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Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chap
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Standardization of Environmental Da
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Foreword Statement by the Secretary
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Participants Mr. Baïdy Diène, Spe
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Dr. Rahul Sharma, Scientist, Nation
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“Necessary measures shall be take
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three working groups, on chemistry
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Some vital procedures are not amena
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(Kingston, Jamaica), 289 pp. The re
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He observed that the Regulations, u
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Dr. Smith reviewed in detail the pr
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Notes and References 1. Internation
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- The Authority must be notified of
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area, but within one or two years e
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- A description of proposed measure
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??It has been previously made avail
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Financial obl
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In the discussion, flexibility in t
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Chapter 2 Overview of the Authority
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2.3. Chemical oceanography - Object
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3. Environmental Impact Assessment
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?? Nodule crushing methods, if any;
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Biological co
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The Secretary-General responded tha
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edeposit on the surrounding seafloo
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1.3. Importance of standardization
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detailed guidelines recommended by
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and “transect physical oceanograp
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eference to seven biological catego
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2.4.1.6. Demersal scavengers It is
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e measured must be specified. I rec
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3.2. Taxonomic standardization I st
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ecological comparisons. Several oth
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that supplied the benthos with ener
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speculate on the rates of recolonis
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Geographical variation Speaking nex
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Knowledge limitations Concluding hi
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on the other hand it turned out tha
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ecolonisation rates. If the area wa
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had been used to look at resediment
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ecover. In the case of the seabed,
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13. International Seabed Authority,
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Chapter 3 Current State of Knowledg
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side. Exploration contractors will
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However, for scientific endeavours
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50-m altitude (i.e., within the bot
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2.4. Biological communities The LTC
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sediment/water interface of each bo
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strata), with sampling on a diel ba
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abyssal seafloor communities 25 sea
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very useful to the design of baseli
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PRESENTATION ON DEEP-SEA ECOSYSTEM
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Most of the seabed macrofauna in th
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the CCFZ. Without understanding lev
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One could also make the opposite ar
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had to be mined each day. Assuming
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There was an increasing appreciatio
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whether the effects were severe in
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collect samples wherever he went in
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Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltsch
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25. C.R. Smith et al (1997), Latitu
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esistance and resilience of seafloo
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other parameters had been recorded
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environment, a conscious effort was
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oceanographic measurements, monitor
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Chapter 4 Priorities for Environmen
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and government organisations have c
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information. On the other hand, the
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contractors (1.5 x 10 6 km 2 ). Dur
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Contractors must carefully optimise
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3.4. Benthic and demersal community
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for environmental characterisation
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4.2.3. Observations of marine mamma
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Local topography exerts significant
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ooze can consist of more than 90% o
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Table 3 Benthic currents in the CCF
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5.3.2. Benthic currents and sedimen
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polychaetes and nematodes in the co
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from the DOMES sites illustrate thi
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5.5.1.1. Climate The climate is dom
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Surface temperatures typically reve
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process. With increasing depth, pho
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phosphorus. In the oceanic environm
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are found at about 40 m, while the
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often seen closer to land. The Paci
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square kilometres in two different
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In closing, Morgan discussed how to
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C.L. Morgan, N.A. Odunton and A.T.
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26. Y. Morel and R. LeSuave (1986),
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45. United States Office of Ocean M
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68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. Ibid. 71. T
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300 m deep basins alternating with
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in water depths at or close to the
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eyond the semi-liquid layer, to whi
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3.3. Modelling long-term propagatio
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) Take two or three cores at each s
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facies type, which was affected by
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Another useful way to define the to
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transport would not take any partic
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Use of geological data for environm
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Mining of Polymetallic Nodules from
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About 50 scientists were involved i
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the programme was to learn the beha
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econciled with the findings of othe
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located at almost every 2-minute in
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?? Geological studies: ?? Bathymetr
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the tracks. The range and average o
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designed to minimise the plume risi
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Sediment cond
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mining system would remain suspende
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design a collector. That device had
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?? For the upper layer environmenta
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Figure 1 Survey components of the u
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Figure 2. Map of the investigation
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2.4. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 5 Schematic illustration of
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JET 3: the field study conducted on
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Besides the above, measurements wer
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3.3. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 10. Location of the five FDC
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?? Calculation from discharged sedi
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5. Total mass of dried sediment dis
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Figure 14 Thickness contour map of
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The use of GIS has many advantages.
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than the 200-metre depth distributi
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Among the chemical parameters, the
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Impact of dis
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Mining (Metal Mining Agency of Japa
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Chapter 9 Data Standards Utilised i
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the three major categories of the b
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Various kinds of equipment were bei
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for biological research, but if it
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Asked for an estimate of the microb
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Sibuet agreed with Smith, emphasisi
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Chapter 10 Data Standards Utilised
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2.1.4. High precision depth recorde
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2.2.6. Piston corer ?? Acquiring bo
Page 279 and 280: 2.3.3. Geotechnical properties ?? U
Page 281 and 282: ?? Concentration of cells by settle
Page 283 and 284: 3.3. Zooplankton (protozoan) 3.3.1.
Page 285 and 286: ?? The abundance data from the phot
Page 287 and 288: 4.3. Statistical analysis Kriging w
Page 289 and 290: Figure 4 Sampling-sites map of KODO
Page 291 and 292: o Temperature ( C) o 5 N o 6 N o 7
Page 293 and 294: PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA
Page 295 and 296: een placed in the experimental bott
Page 297 and 298: phosphate concentration had been me
Page 299 and 300: KORDI was having trouble with a 10-
Page 301 and 302: Other environmental studies Lee sai
Page 303 and 304: Chapter 11 Data Standards Utilised
Page 305 and 306: 2. Hydrochemical investigations Hyd
Page 307 and 308: and 5-6 cm. Samples from all layers
Page 309 and 310: 4. Proposals 1. To evaluate environ
Page 311 and 312: second part of BIE, beginning in 20
Page 313 and 314: counted and classified into higher
Page 315 and 316: procedures could be followed for th
Page 317 and 318: PART III Environmental Parameters N
Page 319 and 320: a third trap beneath the two that h
Page 321 and 322: of a nodule-strewn plain, picking u
Page 323 and 324: Possible impacts on the pelagic com
Page 325 and 326: Chapter 12 Chemical Oceanography Dr
Page 327 and 328: To obtain quality data on metals in
Page 329: egin right from the start of the ac
Page 333 and 334: characteristics of sediments in the
Page 335 and 336: discussed by Dr. Gerald Matisoff (c
Page 337 and 338: Citing difficulties in measuring sh
Page 339 and 340: Sediment traps A participant asked
Page 341 and 342: Commenting on a suggestion to utili
Page 343 and 344: diversity at the community level. A
Page 345 and 346: Stuart and Rex 22 have shown that l
Page 347 and 348: the fauna in these samples. If the
Page 349 and 350: made up of mountain chains, faultin
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Page 353 and 354: etween shelf and slope adjoined an
Page 355 and 356: een mined some time before, and con
Page 357 and 358: Another participant observed that h
Page 359 and 360: identifying species at various loca
Page 361 and 362: addition, the multi-corer was being
Page 363 and 364: 20. R.J. Etter and L.S. Mullineaux
Page 365 and 366: Chapter 15 Seafloor Macrofauna in P
Page 367 and 368: Figure 2 The plough-harrow. 1. Resu
Page 369 and 370: deeper sediment and soft, partly re
Page 371 and 372: Year No. Year Phase 0 1989 Baseline
Page 373 and 374: uttons on the onboard unit so that
Page 375 and 376: a stainless steel collar with three
Page 377 and 378: the majority of samples were obtain
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to recover (see above) and the comm
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Different methods have been propose
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For the 12 most abundant families o
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area in the southeast Pacific Ocean
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should be treated with a lot of wat
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ack-up camera, had also housed smal
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in 1992 compared to 1989. Seven yea
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distribution of the samples. Anothe
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have reacted similarly by becoming
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Another participant thought that th
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Need for a large-scale experiment A
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3. E.J. Foell, H. Thiel and G. Schr
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22. Detailed description in ibid. 2
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held in Sanya, Hainan Island, Peopl
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1.1. Meiofaunal abundance Some exam
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Central Equatorial Pacific 2° N 44
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Nematode ecological diversity is un
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discrete but morphologically simila
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too difficult to deal with and were
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Institution, had collected 148 spec
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California and the Rockall Trough),
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Another factor supposed to influenc
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shallow water, where nematodes were
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speaking, TNHM had the types for an
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samples every two days. The equipme
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marine nematologist there were 10,0
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core might have worked because the
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16. P.J.D. Lambshead (2001), Marine
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Chapter 17 Pelagic Community Impact
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1.2. Potential phytoplankton impact
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spatial variability. Sampling shoul
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2.6. Zooplankton Depth-stratified s
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helping to achieve consensus among
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One potential impact of discharging
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Consequently, in sampling these reg
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elevated levels of cadmium. It migh
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?? Marine mammals and seabirds: The
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Asked whether the impact would be d
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on some of the mesopelagic fishes.
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9. K.H. Coale (1998), The Galapagos
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PART IV Sampling, Database and Stan
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In the discussion, one participant
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The paper went on to make recommend
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1. Challenges for Developing a Base
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and impact sites were attributed to
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differential response of the commun
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etter assess the spatial extent of
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x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
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Challenges to sampling studies If p
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un. On the other hand, if test mini
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the plume, could be a large area wi
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e needed to elucidate data about do
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and he might be underestimating. An
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Chapter 19 Database Requirements Dr
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• Professional Development and Ma
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model used at the British Museum of
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Agreeing, Rex said the management o
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the importance of including informa
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Environmental concerns The Secretar
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Asking participants for their views
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A participant suggested that echino
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detritus in the oceans. Smith agree
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oceanographer, go to sea with the v
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A participant observed that, by the
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controversial items such as macrofa
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Chapter 21 Standardization Strategi
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have described methods for the stud
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a. Direct impacts along the track o
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3.3.2. Water column As the operatio
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3.6. Applications of environmental
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d. The duration of the operations w
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?? Avoiding the disturbance of the
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information for consideration and a
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?? Total inorganic carbon by coulom
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Table 2 Core sections analyzed for
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4200- 4400 4400- 4600 4600- 4800 48
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Besides their utility for impact as
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Turning to the requirements for fut
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Size of envir
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Asked whether he thought the result
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2. J. S. Chung and K. Tsurusaki (19
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PART V Conclusions and Recommendati
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Chapter 22 Report of the Workshop T
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identified in square brackets [BB =
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available such information as (1) k
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y the Commission as ISBA/7/LTC/1/Re
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1. Sediment Properties Sediment pro
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Table 2 lists the chemical paramete
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4. Trace metals in benthic and epi-
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The following key parameters should
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enthic boundary layer) to evaluate
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a. Meteorological variables: sea st
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3. A.R. Hiby and P.S. Hammond (1989
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DGPS differential global positionin
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PEIS P-I POC PON PRZ QA/QC RCM RDBM
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Discipline Category Parameter Metho
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Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 575 and 576:
Area Parameters Instruments Levels
Page 577 and 578:
3b Parameter Variables Methodology
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