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22. J.A. McGowan (1971), Oceanic biogeography of the Pacific, in B.M. Funnell and W.R. Riedel (eds.), The Micropaleontology of Oceans (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England) 3-74. 23. A.R. Longhurst (2001), Ecological Geography of the Sea (Academic Press, San Diego, California), 398 pp. (paper). 24. J.A. McGowan (1971), Oceanic biogeography of the Pacific, in B.M. Funnell and W.R. Riedel (eds.), The Micropaleontology of Oceans (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England) 3-74. 25. A.R. Longhurst (2001), Ecological Geography of the Sea (Academic Press, San Diego, California), 398 pp. (paper). 26. Deep-Seabed Polymetallic Nodule Exploration: Development of Environmental Guidelines (1999), Proceedings of the International Seabed Authority’s Workshop held in Sanya, Hainan Island, People’s Republic of China (1-5 June 1998), ISA (Kingston, Jamaica) chapt. 8, Discussion on the draft guidelines, 204-217. 27. A. Knap et al. (eds.) (1996), Protocols for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) Core Measurements (JGOFS Report No. 19), vi+170 pp. (reprint of IOC Manuals and Guides No. 29 [United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1994]) (available as a pdf file from the JGOFS Web site, ads.smr.uib.no/jgofs/jgofs.htm). 28. R.P. Harris et al. (eds.) (2000), ICES Zooplankton Methodology Manual (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Working Group on Zooplankton Ecology, Academic Press, San Diego, California), 684 pp. 29. A.R. Hiby and P.S. Hammond (1989), Survey techniques for estimating abundance of cetaceans, in G.P. Donovan (ed.), The comprehensive assessment of whale stocks: The early years (Special issue 11, International Whaling Commission, Cambridge, England) 47-80. 30. Deep-Seabed Polymetallic Nodule Exploration: Development of Environmental Guidelines (1999), Proceedings of the International Seabed Authority’s Workshop held in Sanya, Hainan Island, People’s Republic of China (1-5 June 1998), ISA (Kingston, Jamaica), 12-13, 36-37. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 421
PART IV Sampling, Database and Standardization Strategies INTRODUCTION The Workshop examined two specialized aspects of information gathering and dissemination, relating to sampling design and database development. It then held an open discussion on standardization strategies and heard a presentation on this topic outlining many of the basic issues involved in collecting and analyzing information. A general sampling design for baseline studies, aimed at deriving statistically valid results from research into potential mining impacts, was offered by Dr. Ron J. Etter, professor in the Biology Department of the University of Massachusetts, Boston. He explained that the design would have to distinguish between an impact from mining and the naturally occurring variations from place to place and from time to time on the ocean bottom. The design took the classic form of an impact site – the mining locale – and control sites distant from the impact. Because so many environmental changes might conceal the results of such a comparison, the design relied on replicates – repeated samplings at several locations – to enable statisticians to separate anthropogenic from natural causes. In his scheme, data would be gathered by collecting sediment-filled box cores from the seabed and counting or otherwise measuring their animal communities. An impact site and two control sites would be designated, and three samples would be taken at each of three stations within each site, in a process repeated eight times over a period of some eight years, for a total of 216 box cores. Additional samples would be needed if researchers wanted to distinguish between the torn-up area of a mine site and the adjacent area affected by the mining plume. On the other hand, investigators could get away with fewer samples if they had a better idea, gained from other experiments, of precisely how a mining operation affected the environment. Less-rigorous sampling strategies could be employed if investigators simply wanted to find out what was present at different locales on the seabed. 422 INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
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STANDARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DA
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The designations employed and the p
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Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chap
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Standardization of Environmental Da
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Foreword Statement by the Secretary
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Participants Mr. Baïdy Diène, Spe
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Dr. Rahul Sharma, Scientist, Nation
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“Necessary measures shall be take
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three working groups, on chemistry
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Some vital procedures are not amena
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(Kingston, Jamaica), 289 pp. The re
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He observed that the Regulations, u
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Dr. Smith reviewed in detail the pr
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Notes and References 1. Internation
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- The Authority must be notified of
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area, but within one or two years e
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- A description of proposed measure
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??It has been previously made avail
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Financial obl
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In the discussion, flexibility in t
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Chapter 2 Overview of the Authority
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2.3. Chemical oceanography - Object
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3. Environmental Impact Assessment
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?? Nodule crushing methods, if any;
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Biological co
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The Secretary-General responded tha
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edeposit on the surrounding seafloo
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1.3. Importance of standardization
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detailed guidelines recommended by
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and “transect physical oceanograp
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eference to seven biological catego
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2.4.1.6. Demersal scavengers It is
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e measured must be specified. I rec
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3.2. Taxonomic standardization I st
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ecological comparisons. Several oth
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that supplied the benthos with ener
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speculate on the rates of recolonis
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Geographical variation Speaking nex
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Knowledge limitations Concluding hi
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on the other hand it turned out tha
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ecolonisation rates. If the area wa
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had been used to look at resediment
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ecover. In the case of the seabed,
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13. International Seabed Authority,
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Chapter 3 Current State of Knowledg
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side. Exploration contractors will
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However, for scientific endeavours
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50-m altitude (i.e., within the bot
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2.4. Biological communities The LTC
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sediment/water interface of each bo
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strata), with sampling on a diel ba
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abyssal seafloor communities 25 sea
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very useful to the design of baseli
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PRESENTATION ON DEEP-SEA ECOSYSTEM
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Most of the seabed macrofauna in th
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the CCFZ. Without understanding lev
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One could also make the opposite ar
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had to be mined each day. Assuming
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There was an increasing appreciatio
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whether the effects were severe in
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collect samples wherever he went in
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Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltsch
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25. C.R. Smith et al (1997), Latitu
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esistance and resilience of seafloo
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other parameters had been recorded
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environment, a conscious effort was
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oceanographic measurements, monitor
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Chapter 4 Priorities for Environmen
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and government organisations have c
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information. On the other hand, the
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contractors (1.5 x 10 6 km 2 ). Dur
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Contractors must carefully optimise
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3.4. Benthic and demersal community
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for environmental characterisation
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4.2.3. Observations of marine mamma
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Local topography exerts significant
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ooze can consist of more than 90% o
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Table 3 Benthic currents in the CCF
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5.3.2. Benthic currents and sedimen
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polychaetes and nematodes in the co
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from the DOMES sites illustrate thi
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5.5.1.1. Climate The climate is dom
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Surface temperatures typically reve
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process. With increasing depth, pho
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phosphorus. In the oceanic environm
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are found at about 40 m, while the
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often seen closer to land. The Paci
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square kilometres in two different
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In closing, Morgan discussed how to
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C.L. Morgan, N.A. Odunton and A.T.
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26. Y. Morel and R. LeSuave (1986),
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45. United States Office of Ocean M
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68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. Ibid. 71. T
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300 m deep basins alternating with
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in water depths at or close to the
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eyond the semi-liquid layer, to whi
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3.3. Modelling long-term propagatio
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) Take two or three cores at each s
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facies type, which was affected by
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Another useful way to define the to
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transport would not take any partic
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Use of geological data for environm
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Mining of Polymetallic Nodules from
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About 50 scientists were involved i
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the programme was to learn the beha
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econciled with the findings of othe
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located at almost every 2-minute in
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?? Geological studies: ?? Bathymetr
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the tracks. The range and average o
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designed to minimise the plume risi
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Sediment cond
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mining system would remain suspende
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design a collector. That device had
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?? For the upper layer environmenta
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Figure 1 Survey components of the u
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Figure 2. Map of the investigation
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2.4. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 5 Schematic illustration of
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JET 3: the field study conducted on
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Besides the above, measurements wer
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3.3. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 10. Location of the five FDC
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?? Calculation from discharged sedi
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5. Total mass of dried sediment dis
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Figure 14 Thickness contour map of
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The use of GIS has many advantages.
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than the 200-metre depth distributi
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Among the chemical parameters, the
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Impact of dis
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Mining (Metal Mining Agency of Japa
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Chapter 9 Data Standards Utilised i
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the three major categories of the b
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Various kinds of equipment were bei
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for biological research, but if it
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Asked for an estimate of the microb
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Sibuet agreed with Smith, emphasisi
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Chapter 10 Data Standards Utilised
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2.1.4. High precision depth recorde
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2.2.6. Piston corer ?? Acquiring bo
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2.3.3. Geotechnical properties ?? U
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?? Concentration of cells by settle
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3.3. Zooplankton (protozoan) 3.3.1.
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?? The abundance data from the phot
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4.3. Statistical analysis Kriging w
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Figure 4 Sampling-sites map of KODO
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o Temperature ( C) o 5 N o 6 N o 7
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PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA
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een placed in the experimental bott
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phosphate concentration had been me
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KORDI was having trouble with a 10-
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Other environmental studies Lee sai
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Chapter 11 Data Standards Utilised
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2. Hydrochemical investigations Hyd
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and 5-6 cm. Samples from all layers
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4. Proposals 1. To evaluate environ
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second part of BIE, beginning in 20
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counted and classified into higher
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procedures could be followed for th
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PART III Environmental Parameters N
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a third trap beneath the two that h
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of a nodule-strewn plain, picking u
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Possible impacts on the pelagic com
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Chapter 12 Chemical Oceanography Dr
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To obtain quality data on metals in
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egin right from the start of the ac
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was ambient water. The system teste
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characteristics of sediments in the
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discussed by Dr. Gerald Matisoff (c
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Citing difficulties in measuring sh
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Sediment traps A participant asked
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Commenting on a suggestion to utili
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diversity at the community level. A
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Stuart and Rex 22 have shown that l
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the fauna in these samples. If the
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made up of mountain chains, faultin
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adiated extensively there in many e
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etween shelf and slope adjoined an
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een mined some time before, and con
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Another participant observed that h
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identifying species at various loca
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addition, the multi-corer was being
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20. R.J. Etter and L.S. Mullineaux
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Chapter 15 Seafloor Macrofauna in P
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Figure 2 The plough-harrow. 1. Resu
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deeper sediment and soft, partly re
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Year No. Year Phase 0 1989 Baseline
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uttons on the onboard unit so that
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a stainless steel collar with three
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the majority of samples were obtain
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whirled up into the plume may reset
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to recover (see above) and the comm
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Different methods have been propose
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For the 12 most abundant families o
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area in the southeast Pacific Ocean
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should be treated with a lot of wat
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ack-up camera, had also housed smal
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in 1992 compared to 1989. Seven yea
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distribution of the samples. Anothe
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have reacted similarly by becoming
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Another participant thought that th
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Need for a large-scale experiment A
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3. E.J. Foell, H. Thiel and G. Schr
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22. Detailed description in ibid. 2
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held in Sanya, Hainan Island, Peopl
Page 409 and 410: 1.1. Meiofaunal abundance Some exam
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Page 413 and 414: Nematode ecological diversity is un
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Page 417 and 418: too difficult to deal with and were
Page 419 and 420: Institution, had collected 148 spec
Page 421 and 422: California and the Rockall Trough),
Page 423 and 424: Another factor supposed to influenc
Page 425 and 426: shallow water, where nematodes were
Page 427 and 428: speaking, TNHM had the types for an
Page 429 and 430: samples every two days. The equipme
Page 431 and 432: marine nematologist there were 10,0
Page 433 and 434: core might have worked because the
Page 435 and 436: 16. P.J.D. Lambshead (2001), Marine
Page 437 and 438: Chapter 17 Pelagic Community Impact
Page 439 and 440: 1.2. Potential phytoplankton impact
Page 441 and 442: spatial variability. Sampling shoul
Page 443 and 444: 2.6. Zooplankton Depth-stratified s
Page 445 and 446: helping to achieve consensus among
Page 447 and 448: One potential impact of discharging
Page 449 and 450: Consequently, in sampling these reg
Page 451 and 452: elevated levels of cadmium. It migh
Page 453 and 454: ?? Marine mammals and seabirds: The
Page 455 and 456: Asked whether the impact would be d
Page 457 and 458: on some of the mesopelagic fishes.
Page 459: 9. K.H. Coale (1998), The Galapagos
Page 463 and 464: In the discussion, one participant
Page 465 and 466: The paper went on to make recommend
Page 467 and 468: 1. Challenges for Developing a Base
Page 469 and 470: and impact sites were attributed to
Page 471 and 472: differential response of the commun
Page 473 and 474: etter assess the spatial extent of
Page 475 and 476: x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Page 477 and 478: Challenges to sampling studies If p
Page 479 and 480: un. On the other hand, if test mini
Page 481 and 482: the plume, could be a large area wi
Page 483 and 484: e needed to elucidate data about do
Page 485 and 486: and he might be underestimating. An
Page 487 and 488: Chapter 19 Database Requirements Dr
Page 489 and 490: • Professional Development and Ma
Page 491 and 492: model used at the British Museum of
Page 493 and 494: Agreeing, Rex said the management o
Page 495 and 496: the importance of including informa
Page 497 and 498: Environmental concerns The Secretar
Page 499 and 500: Asking participants for their views
Page 501 and 502: A participant suggested that echino
Page 503 and 504: detritus in the oceans. Smith agree
Page 505 and 506: oceanographer, go to sea with the v
Page 507 and 508: A participant observed that, by the
Page 509 and 510: controversial items such as macrofa
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Chapter 21 Standardization Strategi
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have described methods for the stud
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a. Direct impacts along the track o
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3.3.2. Water column As the operatio
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3.6. Applications of environmental
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d. The duration of the operations w
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?? Avoiding the disturbance of the
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information for consideration and a
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?? Total inorganic carbon by coulom
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Table 2 Core sections analyzed for
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4200- 4400 4400- 4600 4600- 4800 48
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Besides their utility for impact as
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Turning to the requirements for fut
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Size of envir
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Asked whether he thought the result
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2. J. S. Chung and K. Tsurusaki (19
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PART V Conclusions and Recommendati
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Chapter 22 Report of the Workshop T
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identified in square brackets [BB =
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available such information as (1) k
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y the Commission as ISBA/7/LTC/1/Re
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1. Sediment Properties Sediment pro
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Table 2 lists the chemical paramete
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4. Trace metals in benthic and epi-
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The following key parameters should
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enthic boundary layer) to evaluate
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a. Meteorological variables: sea st
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3. A.R. Hiby and P.S. Hammond (1989
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DGPS differential global positionin
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PEIS P-I POC PON PRZ QA/QC RCM RDBM
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Discipline Category Parameter Metho
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Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 575 and 576:
Area Parameters Instruments Levels
Page 577 and 578:
3b Parameter Variables Methodology
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