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eference to seven biological categories: (1) megafauna, (2) macrofauna, (3) meiofauna, (4) microbial biomass, (5) nodule fauna, (6) demersal scavengers, and (7) trace metals in bentho-, meso- and bathypelagic organisms. 2.4.1.1. Megafauna Megafaunal abundance, biomass, species structure and diversity are to be evaluated using at least five randomly oriented photographic transects per study site, with each transect at least 1 km long. Individual photographs should view an area about 2m wide, and be able to resolve organisms >2 cm in smallest dimension. The photographic transects should also be used to evaluate the abundance and size distribution of nodules and surface-sediment structure. Protocols for quantifying the megafaunal parameters should be specified, for example by citing a published study whose methods are to be used. In addition, to characterize large areas of the seafloor within the claim area, megafaunal surveys should be undertaken within a randomisedblock design. It is recommended that a “deep-towed photographic system with side-scan sonar travelling about 3 m above the seafloor be used to give a general idea of the ecology of the region”. Megafauna, organism traces and surface-sediment structure should be recorded in these surveys. The number of blocks and the number and length of surveys per block need to be specified. For example, it might be suggested that each claim area be divided into 20 blocks (yielding 7500 km 2 per block for a 150,000 km 2 claim area), and then at least three surveys, each at least 5 km long, be conducted at random locations within each block. This type of survey is likely to be compatible with exploration for nodule resources. 2.4.1.2. Macrofauna Macrofaunal abundance, species structure, biomass, diversity and depth distribution (suggested depths of 0-1, 1-5 and 5-10 cm) are to be based on at least ten box-core samples (each 0.25 m 2 in area) per study area. Cores should be randomly distributed within each study area, and samples gently processed on nested 500- and 250-µm sieves. Consideration should be given to standardizing box-core deployment protocols, because box-core sample quality is very sensitive to bow-wave effects and horizontal motions over the seafloor. Some criteria concerning acceptability of a sample may be necessary (a box core with a disturbed surface is far from quantitative). I also recommend that the INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 60
sediment/water interface of each box-core sample be photographed immediately after recovery to aid in evaluating sample quality. In addition, some standardization of sample processing (e.g., sieving before or after fixation, sorting methods) should be specified, for example by citing the methods of a particular scientific study. Finally, taxonomy (species identification) needs to be standardized within and across claim areas. (See the discussion of taxonomic standardization in section 3.2 below.) 2.4.1.3. Meiofauna Data on the abundance, biomass, species structure and depth distribution (suggested depths of 0-0.5, 0.5-1.0, 1-2 and 2-3 cm) of meiofauna (animals 32 µm) are to be obtained from ten multiple cores per study area, each tube from a separate, randomly distributed multiple-core lowering. It is recommended that meiofauna be processed on nested sieves of 1000, 500, 250 and 32 µm. Multiple-core tube size (10-cm diameter?) and lowering protocols should be standardized or a relevant paper cited. In addition, taxonomy needs to be standardized within and across claim areas. (See the discussion of taxonomic standardization in section 3.2 below.) 2.4.1.4. Microbial biomass It is recommended that profiles of microbial biomass be determined using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or other standard microbial assay for ten multiple-core tubes per study area, with each tube taken from separate, randomly located multiple-core deployment. Suggested depth intervals for profiles are 0-0.5, 0.5-1.0, 1-2, 2-3, 3-4 and 4-5 cm. The protocols for ATP analysis need to be specified, e.g. by reference to a suitable methods paper 1512 . 2.4.1.5. Nodule fauna It is recommended that the faunal abundance and species structure associated with ten randomly selected nodules from ten box cores per study area (the same cores used for macrofauna) be sampled and analysed. I recommend using the methods of Mullineaux (1987) 16 13 . 61 INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
Page 1 and 2:
STANDARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DA
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The designations employed and the p
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Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chap
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Standardization of Environmental Da
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Foreword Statement by the Secretary
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Participants Mr. Baïdy Diène, Spe
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Dr. Rahul Sharma, Scientist, Nation
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“Necessary measures shall be take
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three working groups, on chemistry
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Some vital procedures are not amena
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(Kingston, Jamaica), 289 pp. The re
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He observed that the Regulations, u
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Dr. Smith reviewed in detail the pr
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Notes and References 1. Internation
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- The Authority must be notified of
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area, but within one or two years e
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- A description of proposed measure
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??It has been previously made avail
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Financial obl
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In the discussion, flexibility in t
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Chapter 2 Overview of the Authority
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2.3. Chemical oceanography - Object
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3. Environmental Impact Assessment
Page 47 and 48: ?? Nodule crushing methods, if any;
Page 49 and 50: SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Biological co
Page 51 and 52: The Secretary-General responded tha
Page 53 and 54: edeposit on the surrounding seafloo
Page 55 and 56: 1.3. Importance of standardization
Page 57 and 58: detailed guidelines recommended by
Page 59 and 60: and “transect physical oceanograp
Page 61 and 62: eference to seven biological catego
Page 63 and 64: 2.4.1.6. Demersal scavengers It is
Page 65 and 66: e measured must be specified. I rec
Page 67 and 68: 3.2. Taxonomic standardization I st
Page 69 and 70: ecological comparisons. Several oth
Page 71 and 72: that supplied the benthos with ener
Page 73 and 74: speculate on the rates of recolonis
Page 75 and 76: Geographical variation Speaking nex
Page 77 and 78: Knowledge limitations Concluding hi
Page 79 and 80: on the other hand it turned out tha
Page 81 and 82: ecolonisation rates. If the area wa
Page 83 and 84: had been used to look at resediment
Page 85 and 86: ecover. In the case of the seabed,
Page 87 and 88: 13. International Seabed Authority,
Page 89 and 90: Chapter 3 Current State of Knowledg
Page 91 and 92: side. Exploration contractors will
Page 93 and 94: However, for scientific endeavours
Page 95 and 96: 50-m altitude (i.e., within the bot
Page 97: 2.4. Biological communities The LTC
Page 101 and 102: strata), with sampling on a diel ba
Page 103 and 104: abyssal seafloor communities 25 sea
Page 105 and 106: very useful to the design of baseli
Page 107 and 108: PRESENTATION ON DEEP-SEA ECOSYSTEM
Page 109 and 110: Most of the seabed macrofauna in th
Page 111 and 112: the CCFZ. Without understanding lev
Page 113 and 114: One could also make the opposite ar
Page 115 and 116: had to be mined each day. Assuming
Page 117 and 118: There was an increasing appreciatio
Page 119 and 120: whether the effects were severe in
Page 121 and 122: collect samples wherever he went in
Page 123 and 124: Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltsch
Page 125 and 126: 25. C.R. Smith et al (1997), Latitu
Page 127 and 128: esistance and resilience of seafloo
Page 129 and 130: other parameters had been recorded
Page 131 and 132: environment, a conscious effort was
Page 133 and 134: oceanographic measurements, monitor
Page 135 and 136: Chapter 4 Priorities for Environmen
Page 137 and 138: and government organisations have c
Page 139 and 140: information. On the other hand, the
Page 141 and 142: contractors (1.5 x 10 6 km 2 ). Dur
Page 143 and 144: Contractors must carefully optimise
Page 145 and 146: 3.4. Benthic and demersal community
Page 147 and 148: for environmental characterisation
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4.2.3. Observations of marine mamma
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Local topography exerts significant
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ooze can consist of more than 90% o
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Table 3 Benthic currents in the CCF
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5.3.2. Benthic currents and sedimen
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polychaetes and nematodes in the co
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from the DOMES sites illustrate thi
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5.5.1.1. Climate The climate is dom
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Surface temperatures typically reve
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process. With increasing depth, pho
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phosphorus. In the oceanic environm
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are found at about 40 m, while the
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often seen closer to land. The Paci
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square kilometres in two different
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In closing, Morgan discussed how to
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C.L. Morgan, N.A. Odunton and A.T.
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26. Y. Morel and R. LeSuave (1986),
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45. United States Office of Ocean M
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68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. Ibid. 71. T
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300 m deep basins alternating with
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in water depths at or close to the
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eyond the semi-liquid layer, to whi
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3.3. Modelling long-term propagatio
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) Take two or three cores at each s
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facies type, which was affected by
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Another useful way to define the to
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transport would not take any partic
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Use of geological data for environm
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Mining of Polymetallic Nodules from
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About 50 scientists were involved i
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the programme was to learn the beha
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econciled with the findings of othe
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located at almost every 2-minute in
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?? Geological studies: ?? Bathymetr
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the tracks. The range and average o
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designed to minimise the plume risi
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Sediment cond
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mining system would remain suspende
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design a collector. That device had
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?? For the upper layer environmenta
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Figure 1 Survey components of the u
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Figure 2. Map of the investigation
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2.4. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 5 Schematic illustration of
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JET 3: the field study conducted on
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Besides the above, measurements wer
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3.3. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 10. Location of the five FDC
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?? Calculation from discharged sedi
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5. Total mass of dried sediment dis
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Figure 14 Thickness contour map of
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The use of GIS has many advantages.
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than the 200-metre depth distributi
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Among the chemical parameters, the
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Impact of dis
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Mining (Metal Mining Agency of Japa
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Chapter 9 Data Standards Utilised i
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the three major categories of the b
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Various kinds of equipment were bei
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for biological research, but if it
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Asked for an estimate of the microb
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Sibuet agreed with Smith, emphasisi
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Chapter 10 Data Standards Utilised
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2.1.4. High precision depth recorde
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2.2.6. Piston corer ?? Acquiring bo
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2.3.3. Geotechnical properties ?? U
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?? Concentration of cells by settle
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3.3. Zooplankton (protozoan) 3.3.1.
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?? The abundance data from the phot
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4.3. Statistical analysis Kriging w
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Figure 4 Sampling-sites map of KODO
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o Temperature ( C) o 5 N o 6 N o 7
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PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA
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een placed in the experimental bott
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phosphate concentration had been me
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KORDI was having trouble with a 10-
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Other environmental studies Lee sai
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Chapter 11 Data Standards Utilised
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2. Hydrochemical investigations Hyd
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and 5-6 cm. Samples from all layers
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4. Proposals 1. To evaluate environ
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second part of BIE, beginning in 20
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counted and classified into higher
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procedures could be followed for th
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PART III Environmental Parameters N
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a third trap beneath the two that h
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of a nodule-strewn plain, picking u
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Possible impacts on the pelagic com
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Chapter 12 Chemical Oceanography Dr
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To obtain quality data on metals in
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egin right from the start of the ac
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was ambient water. The system teste
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characteristics of sediments in the
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discussed by Dr. Gerald Matisoff (c
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Citing difficulties in measuring sh
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Sediment traps A participant asked
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Commenting on a suggestion to utili
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diversity at the community level. A
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Stuart and Rex 22 have shown that l
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the fauna in these samples. If the
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made up of mountain chains, faultin
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adiated extensively there in many e
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etween shelf and slope adjoined an
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een mined some time before, and con
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Another participant observed that h
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identifying species at various loca
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addition, the multi-corer was being
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20. R.J. Etter and L.S. Mullineaux
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Chapter 15 Seafloor Macrofauna in P
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Figure 2 The plough-harrow. 1. Resu
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deeper sediment and soft, partly re
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Year No. Year Phase 0 1989 Baseline
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uttons on the onboard unit so that
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a stainless steel collar with three
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the majority of samples were obtain
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whirled up into the plume may reset
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to recover (see above) and the comm
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Different methods have been propose
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For the 12 most abundant families o
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area in the southeast Pacific Ocean
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should be treated with a lot of wat
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ack-up camera, had also housed smal
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in 1992 compared to 1989. Seven yea
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distribution of the samples. Anothe
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have reacted similarly by becoming
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Another participant thought that th
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Need for a large-scale experiment A
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3. E.J. Foell, H. Thiel and G. Schr
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22. Detailed description in ibid. 2
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held in Sanya, Hainan Island, Peopl
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1.1. Meiofaunal abundance Some exam
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Central Equatorial Pacific 2° N 44
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Nematode ecological diversity is un
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discrete but morphologically simila
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too difficult to deal with and were
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Institution, had collected 148 spec
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California and the Rockall Trough),
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Another factor supposed to influenc
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shallow water, where nematodes were
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speaking, TNHM had the types for an
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samples every two days. The equipme
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marine nematologist there were 10,0
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core might have worked because the
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16. P.J.D. Lambshead (2001), Marine
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Chapter 17 Pelagic Community Impact
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1.2. Potential phytoplankton impact
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spatial variability. Sampling shoul
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2.6. Zooplankton Depth-stratified s
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helping to achieve consensus among
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One potential impact of discharging
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Consequently, in sampling these reg
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elevated levels of cadmium. It migh
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?? Marine mammals and seabirds: The
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Asked whether the impact would be d
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on some of the mesopelagic fishes.
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9. K.H. Coale (1998), The Galapagos
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PART IV Sampling, Database and Stan
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In the discussion, one participant
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The paper went on to make recommend
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1. Challenges for Developing a Base
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and impact sites were attributed to
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differential response of the commun
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etter assess the spatial extent of
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x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
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Challenges to sampling studies If p
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un. On the other hand, if test mini
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the plume, could be a large area wi
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e needed to elucidate data about do
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and he might be underestimating. An
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Chapter 19 Database Requirements Dr
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• Professional Development and Ma
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model used at the British Museum of
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Agreeing, Rex said the management o
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the importance of including informa
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Environmental concerns The Secretar
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Asking participants for their views
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A participant suggested that echino
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detritus in the oceans. Smith agree
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oceanographer, go to sea with the v
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A participant observed that, by the
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controversial items such as macrofa
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Chapter 21 Standardization Strategi
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have described methods for the stud
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a. Direct impacts along the track o
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3.3.2. Water column As the operatio
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3.6. Applications of environmental
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d. The duration of the operations w
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?? Avoiding the disturbance of the
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information for consideration and a
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?? Total inorganic carbon by coulom
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Table 2 Core sections analyzed for
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4200- 4400 4400- 4600 4600- 4800 48
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Besides their utility for impact as
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Turning to the requirements for fut
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Size of envir
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Asked whether he thought the result
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2. J. S. Chung and K. Tsurusaki (19
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PART V Conclusions and Recommendati
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Chapter 22 Report of the Workshop T
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identified in square brackets [BB =
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available such information as (1) k
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y the Commission as ISBA/7/LTC/1/Re
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1. Sediment Properties Sediment pro
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Table 2 lists the chemical paramete
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4. Trace metals in benthic and epi-
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The following key parameters should
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enthic boundary layer) to evaluate
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a. Meteorological variables: sea st
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3. A.R. Hiby and P.S. Hammond (1989
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DGPS differential global positionin
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PEIS P-I POC PON PRZ QA/QC RCM RDBM
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Discipline Category Parameter Metho
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Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 575 and 576:
Area Parameters Instruments Levels
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3b Parameter Variables Methodology
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