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2.3. Thickness of semi-liquid layer In the Peru Basin, the semi-liquid layer -- the intensively bioturbated, homogenised upper sediment layer -- is considerably thicker than that in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ). Thickness varies mainly between 8 and 12 cm (up to 20 cm including the transition zone). As the semi-liquid layer is dark brown (oxic, rich in Fe/Mn oxides 9 ) and mainly underlain by a suboxic, light-olive coloured sequence, a quick and easy method to define its thickness is colour measurement of the sediment 10 . Other methods that we applied include measurement of water content/porosity, bulk density and shear strength 11 . Methods may differ by 2 cm in defining the lower boundary of the semi-liquid layer; this is also due to a transition zone below. Shear-strength defined thickness of the semi-liquid top shows a slight increase in thickness with increasing water depth. Furthermore, there appears to be a relationship between the thickness of the semi-liquid layer and the size of manganese nodules: sites with a thick semi-liquid layer tend to have smaller nodules (and a fairly slow growth rate) 12 . Conclusion: The semi-liquid layer in the Peru Basin is considerably thicker than in the CCFZ (due to its higher sedimentation rate). Its thickness is a key parameter for assessing the near-bottom impact of future nodule mining (extent of the resuspension plume). 2.4. Bioturbation Besides the intensive biological activity responsible for the homogeneity of the semi-liquid top layer, cores taken in the Peru Basin display deeper reaching bioturbation, which generates a mottled appearance of the sediments. Mottling results from mixing of olive-coloured sediment with dark brown sediment from above (or infill of surface sediment in burrows). Thus, the downcore colour record, with its often greater than 10 cm “transition zone” below the semi-liquid layer, provides a first measure to assess how deep this zone of bioturbation may reach. Analysis of excess Pb-210 indicates that, in the Peru Basin, near-recent sediment (age: 45 cm (often down to 30-45 cm) 13 Conclusion: Traces of biological activity are found downcore, often to a depth of 30-45 cm, indicating that some organisms can burrow well 152 INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
eyond the semi-liquid layer, to which biological studies are occasionally restricted. 2.5. Organic carbon content Organic carbon contents in the Peru Basin are relatively low, ranging from 0.3-0.8%. Above the CCD, there appears to be a relationship between water depth and organic carbon content: with increasing dissolution of carbonate the content of organic carbon increases; however, once the CCD is reached, no obvious trend can be reported 14 . Conclusion: Organic carbon content describes the nutrient level of a substrate that is needed to characterise benthic communities. It is also important for assessing oxygen consumption due to the decay of organic matter and the related transition from an oxic to a suboxic environment in the near-surface sediments. 2.6. Other sediment parameters Additional sediment parameters have been defined for the Peru Basin that are not presented in this paper, e.g. physical properties and porewater composition. Details are given in several articles of the special volume of Deep-Sea Research II 15 . 3. Modelling and Laboratory Tests 3.1. Miner-produced resuspended sediment plume Based on laboratory work on Peru Basin sediment samples and literature on other deep-sea environmental projects in conjunction with technical details of a manganese nodule mining system, Oebius et al. 16 have tried to assess the impact that a “miner” would have on the seafloor environment. (“Miner” refers to the self-propelled vehicle at the seafloor that collects the manganese nodules.) I touch only on those results that provide a general view of the impact, in the absence of mining test runs in situ. The results rest on the following assumptions: A mining system with a self-propelled bottom vehicle will be used, about 6 m wide and about 3 m high (“German mining system”); this miner will use water jets to separate INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 153
Page 1 and 2:
STANDARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DA
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The designations employed and the p
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Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chap
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Standardization of Environmental Da
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Foreword Statement by the Secretary
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Participants Mr. Baïdy Diène, Spe
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Dr. Rahul Sharma, Scientist, Nation
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“Necessary measures shall be take
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three working groups, on chemistry
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Some vital procedures are not amena
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(Kingston, Jamaica), 289 pp. The re
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He observed that the Regulations, u
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Dr. Smith reviewed in detail the pr
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Notes and References 1. Internation
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- The Authority must be notified of
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area, but within one or two years e
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- A description of proposed measure
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??It has been previously made avail
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Financial obl
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In the discussion, flexibility in t
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Chapter 2 Overview of the Authority
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2.3. Chemical oceanography - Object
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3. Environmental Impact Assessment
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?? Nodule crushing methods, if any;
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Biological co
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The Secretary-General responded tha
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edeposit on the surrounding seafloo
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1.3. Importance of standardization
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detailed guidelines recommended by
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and “transect physical oceanograp
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eference to seven biological catego
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2.4.1.6. Demersal scavengers It is
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e measured must be specified. I rec
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3.2. Taxonomic standardization I st
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ecological comparisons. Several oth
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that supplied the benthos with ener
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speculate on the rates of recolonis
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Geographical variation Speaking nex
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Knowledge limitations Concluding hi
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on the other hand it turned out tha
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ecolonisation rates. If the area wa
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had been used to look at resediment
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ecover. In the case of the seabed,
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13. International Seabed Authority,
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Chapter 3 Current State of Knowledg
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side. Exploration contractors will
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However, for scientific endeavours
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50-m altitude (i.e., within the bot
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2.4. Biological communities The LTC
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sediment/water interface of each bo
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strata), with sampling on a diel ba
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abyssal seafloor communities 25 sea
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very useful to the design of baseli
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PRESENTATION ON DEEP-SEA ECOSYSTEM
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Most of the seabed macrofauna in th
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the CCFZ. Without understanding lev
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One could also make the opposite ar
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had to be mined each day. Assuming
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There was an increasing appreciatio
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whether the effects were severe in
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collect samples wherever he went in
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Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltsch
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25. C.R. Smith et al (1997), Latitu
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esistance and resilience of seafloo
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other parameters had been recorded
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environment, a conscious effort was
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oceanographic measurements, monitor
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Chapter 4 Priorities for Environmen
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and government organisations have c
Page 139 and 140: information. On the other hand, the
Page 141 and 142: contractors (1.5 x 10 6 km 2 ). Dur
Page 143 and 144: Contractors must carefully optimise
Page 145 and 146: 3.4. Benthic and demersal community
Page 147 and 148: for environmental characterisation
Page 149 and 150: 4.2.3. Observations of marine mamma
Page 151 and 152: Local topography exerts significant
Page 153 and 154: ooze can consist of more than 90% o
Page 155 and 156: Table 3 Benthic currents in the CCF
Page 157 and 158: 5.3.2. Benthic currents and sedimen
Page 159 and 160: polychaetes and nematodes in the co
Page 161 and 162: from the DOMES sites illustrate thi
Page 163 and 164: 5.5.1.1. Climate The climate is dom
Page 165 and 166: Surface temperatures typically reve
Page 167 and 168: process. With increasing depth, pho
Page 169 and 170: phosphorus. In the oceanic environm
Page 171 and 172: are found at about 40 m, while the
Page 173 and 174: often seen closer to land. The Paci
Page 175 and 176: square kilometres in two different
Page 177 and 178: In closing, Morgan discussed how to
Page 179 and 180: C.L. Morgan, N.A. Odunton and A.T.
Page 181 and 182: 26. Y. Morel and R. LeSuave (1986),
Page 183 and 184: 45. United States Office of Ocean M
Page 185 and 186: 68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. Ibid. 71. T
Page 187 and 188: 300 m deep basins alternating with
Page 189: in water depths at or close to the
Page 193 and 194: 3.3. Modelling long-term propagatio
Page 195 and 196: ) Take two or three cores at each s
Page 197 and 198: facies type, which was affected by
Page 199 and 200: Another useful way to define the to
Page 201 and 202: transport would not take any partic
Page 203 and 204: Use of geological data for environm
Page 205 and 206: Mining of Polymetallic Nodules from
Page 207 and 208: About 50 scientists were involved i
Page 209 and 210: the programme was to learn the beha
Page 211 and 212: econciled with the findings of othe
Page 213 and 214: located at almost every 2-minute in
Page 215 and 216: ?? Geological studies: ?? Bathymetr
Page 217 and 218: the tracks. The range and average o
Page 219 and 220: designed to minimise the plume risi
Page 221 and 222: SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Sediment cond
Page 223 and 224: mining system would remain suspende
Page 225 and 226: design a collector. That device had
Page 227 and 228: ?? For the upper layer environmenta
Page 229 and 230: Figure 1 Survey components of the u
Page 231 and 232: Figure 2. Map of the investigation
Page 233 and 234: 2.4. Sample processing and size cat
Page 235 and 236: Figure 5 Schematic illustration of
Page 237 and 238: JET 3: the field study conducted on
Page 239 and 240: Besides the above, measurements wer
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3.3. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 10. Location of the five FDC
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?? Calculation from discharged sedi
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5. Total mass of dried sediment dis
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Figure 14 Thickness contour map of
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The use of GIS has many advantages.
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than the 200-metre depth distributi
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Among the chemical parameters, the
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Impact of dis
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Mining (Metal Mining Agency of Japa
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Chapter 9 Data Standards Utilised i
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the three major categories of the b
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Various kinds of equipment were bei
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for biological research, but if it
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Asked for an estimate of the microb
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Sibuet agreed with Smith, emphasisi
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Chapter 10 Data Standards Utilised
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2.1.4. High precision depth recorde
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2.2.6. Piston corer ?? Acquiring bo
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2.3.3. Geotechnical properties ?? U
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?? Concentration of cells by settle
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3.3. Zooplankton (protozoan) 3.3.1.
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?? The abundance data from the phot
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4.3. Statistical analysis Kriging w
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Figure 4 Sampling-sites map of KODO
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o Temperature ( C) o 5 N o 6 N o 7
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PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA
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een placed in the experimental bott
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phosphate concentration had been me
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KORDI was having trouble with a 10-
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Other environmental studies Lee sai
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Chapter 11 Data Standards Utilised
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2. Hydrochemical investigations Hyd
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and 5-6 cm. Samples from all layers
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4. Proposals 1. To evaluate environ
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second part of BIE, beginning in 20
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counted and classified into higher
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procedures could be followed for th
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PART III Environmental Parameters N
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a third trap beneath the two that h
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of a nodule-strewn plain, picking u
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Possible impacts on the pelagic com
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Chapter 12 Chemical Oceanography Dr
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To obtain quality data on metals in
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egin right from the start of the ac
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was ambient water. The system teste
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characteristics of sediments in the
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discussed by Dr. Gerald Matisoff (c
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Citing difficulties in measuring sh
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Sediment traps A participant asked
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Commenting on a suggestion to utili
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diversity at the community level. A
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Stuart and Rex 22 have shown that l
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the fauna in these samples. If the
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made up of mountain chains, faultin
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adiated extensively there in many e
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etween shelf and slope adjoined an
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een mined some time before, and con
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Another participant observed that h
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identifying species at various loca
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addition, the multi-corer was being
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20. R.J. Etter and L.S. Mullineaux
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Chapter 15 Seafloor Macrofauna in P
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Figure 2 The plough-harrow. 1. Resu
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deeper sediment and soft, partly re
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Year No. Year Phase 0 1989 Baseline
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uttons on the onboard unit so that
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a stainless steel collar with three
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the majority of samples were obtain
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whirled up into the plume may reset
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to recover (see above) and the comm
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Different methods have been propose
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For the 12 most abundant families o
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area in the southeast Pacific Ocean
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should be treated with a lot of wat
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ack-up camera, had also housed smal
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in 1992 compared to 1989. Seven yea
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distribution of the samples. Anothe
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have reacted similarly by becoming
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Another participant thought that th
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Need for a large-scale experiment A
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3. E.J. Foell, H. Thiel and G. Schr
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22. Detailed description in ibid. 2
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held in Sanya, Hainan Island, Peopl
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1.1. Meiofaunal abundance Some exam
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Central Equatorial Pacific 2° N 44
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Nematode ecological diversity is un
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discrete but morphologically simila
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too difficult to deal with and were
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Institution, had collected 148 spec
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California and the Rockall Trough),
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Another factor supposed to influenc
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shallow water, where nematodes were
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speaking, TNHM had the types for an
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samples every two days. The equipme
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marine nematologist there were 10,0
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core might have worked because the
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16. P.J.D. Lambshead (2001), Marine
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Chapter 17 Pelagic Community Impact
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1.2. Potential phytoplankton impact
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spatial variability. Sampling shoul
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2.6. Zooplankton Depth-stratified s
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helping to achieve consensus among
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One potential impact of discharging
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Consequently, in sampling these reg
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elevated levels of cadmium. It migh
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?? Marine mammals and seabirds: The
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Asked whether the impact would be d
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on some of the mesopelagic fishes.
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9. K.H. Coale (1998), The Galapagos
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PART IV Sampling, Database and Stan
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In the discussion, one participant
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The paper went on to make recommend
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1. Challenges for Developing a Base
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and impact sites were attributed to
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differential response of the commun
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etter assess the spatial extent of
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x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
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Challenges to sampling studies If p
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un. On the other hand, if test mini
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the plume, could be a large area wi
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e needed to elucidate data about do
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and he might be underestimating. An
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Chapter 19 Database Requirements Dr
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• Professional Development and Ma
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model used at the British Museum of
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Agreeing, Rex said the management o
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the importance of including informa
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Environmental concerns The Secretar
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Asking participants for their views
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A participant suggested that echino
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detritus in the oceans. Smith agree
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oceanographer, go to sea with the v
Page 507 and 508:
A participant observed that, by the
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controversial items such as macrofa
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Chapter 21 Standardization Strategi
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have described methods for the stud
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a. Direct impacts along the track o
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3.3.2. Water column As the operatio
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3.6. Applications of environmental
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d. The duration of the operations w
Page 523 and 524:
?? Avoiding the disturbance of the
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information for consideration and a
Page 527 and 528:
?? Total inorganic carbon by coulom
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Table 2 Core sections analyzed for
Page 531 and 532:
4200- 4400 4400- 4600 4600- 4800 48
Page 533 and 534:
Besides their utility for impact as
Page 535 and 536:
Turning to the requirements for fut
Page 537 and 538:
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Size of envir
Page 539 and 540:
Asked whether he thought the result
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2. J. S. Chung and K. Tsurusaki (19
Page 543 and 544:
PART V Conclusions and Recommendati
Page 545 and 546:
Chapter 22 Report of the Workshop T
Page 547 and 548:
identified in square brackets [BB =
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available such information as (1) k
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y the Commission as ISBA/7/LTC/1/Re
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1. Sediment Properties Sediment pro
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Table 2 lists the chemical paramete
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4. Trace metals in benthic and epi-
Page 559 and 560:
The following key parameters should
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enthic boundary layer) to evaluate
Page 563 and 564:
a. Meteorological variables: sea st
Page 565 and 566:
3. A.R. Hiby and P.S. Hammond (1989
Page 567 and 568:
DGPS differential global positionin
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PEIS P-I POC PON PRZ QA/QC RCM RDBM
Page 571 and 572:
Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 573 and 574:
Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 575 and 576:
Area Parameters Instruments Levels
Page 577 and 578:
3b Parameter Variables Methodology
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