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The test and reference sites would be small dots, or probably single lines, just a few square kilometres or a few tens of square kilometres in area, in contrast to the scale of the mine site, which would cover a few hundred or a few thousand square kilometres. Thus, environmental data were needed not only from the test and reference sites, which some had already investigated and others would study in the future. The lateral extensions of the mine site also had to be studied, because the environment throughout the mining area would not be the same as it was at the test and reference sites. Enough baseline data would have to be collected throughout the entire mine site, which meant that two lists of parameters were needed -- one with baseline data needed for many applications and a separate list for impact assessment. Reviewing the environmental and mining applications for the various parameters, Dr. Sharma observed that much of the data collected at the surface, including productivity, would be of interest for environmental assessment, but a lot of it would be useful to the mining engineers and modellers. They would be interested in methods of controlling discharge to diminish its impact and conserve the surface waters. Temperature profiles, oxygen levels and other data would be useful for deciding the point of discharge. Geological data would be useful for the engineers concerned with mining-vessel design, the stability of the vessel and its operation. Water-chemistry data would help in predicting the corrosion levels of underwater systems. The number of operating days, transfer of ore at the surface and other matters also required environmental input. In the water column, studies were already underway on currents, the oxygen-minimum zone, temperature profiles, water chemistry and particle fluxes, all useful for impact assessment. These would also be helpful for the mining engineers as they thought about the behaviour of their pipes under water, leakages, corrosion and the migration of sediment at the point of discharge. At the seafloor, environmental assessors were concerned about the sediment plume, resedimentation, geological and biochemical changes in seafloor features, and the effect on biomass. Some of these, relating to seafloor features and others, were of interest in mine-site selection, coping with obstructions on the seafloor during the operation of a mining system, the benthic transport of sediment and nodules, and the design of other mining-system components. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 493
Besides their utility for impact assessment and for mining planners and engineers, environmental data were needed for the selection of impact reference zones (IRZs) and preservation reference zones (PRZs). As envisaged by the Legal and Technical Commission (LTC) of the International Seabed Authority, 16 the IRZ and PRZ would have to have similar environmental settings. Therefore, the various parameters would have to be examined, including current patterns, sediment fluxes and other physical, chemical, biological and geological factors. The zones would have to be close enough for easy access from one area to the other but far enough apart to avoid contamination. The IRZ would be within the mining area, whereas the PRZ would be outside the mining area so that it would remain intact and not be affected at any time during mining. Sharma went on to give examples demonstrating the need for standardization -- without, he said, intending to criticize the five benthic impact experiments (BIEs) done so far, all of which had their limitations. He cited some of their observations on meiofauna: ?? The Disturbance-Recolonization (DISCOL) experiment -- meiofauna composition was not the same even after seven years. ?? The United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) – the meiofauna had decreased after nine months; no later information had been given. ?? The Japan Deep-Sea Impact Experiment (JET) – the meiofauna had returned to their original condition after two years. ?? The Interoceanmetal Joint Organization (IOM) – the meiofauna was more affected in the disturbed zone. ?? The Indian Deep-sea Environment Experiment (INDEX) – effects differed within and outside the disturbance track; the Indian group was going to monitor this area for only three years. These results clearly suggested different time scales of observation and thus created a problem when trying to compare them, he said. If the Authority wanted to set rules, guidelines and methods of monitoring what each experiment or mining operation was doing, it had to specify observation times and monitoring intervals and periods so that the data would be intercomparable. 494 INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
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STANDARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DA
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The designations employed and the p
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Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chap
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Standardization of Environmental Da
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Foreword Statement by the Secretary
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Participants Mr. Baïdy Diène, Spe
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Dr. Rahul Sharma, Scientist, Nation
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“Necessary measures shall be take
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three working groups, on chemistry
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Some vital procedures are not amena
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(Kingston, Jamaica), 289 pp. The re
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He observed that the Regulations, u
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Dr. Smith reviewed in detail the pr
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Notes and References 1. Internation
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- The Authority must be notified of
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area, but within one or two years e
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- A description of proposed measure
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??It has been previously made avail
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Financial obl
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In the discussion, flexibility in t
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Chapter 2 Overview of the Authority
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2.3. Chemical oceanography - Object
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3. Environmental Impact Assessment
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?? Nodule crushing methods, if any;
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Biological co
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The Secretary-General responded tha
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edeposit on the surrounding seafloo
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1.3. Importance of standardization
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detailed guidelines recommended by
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and “transect physical oceanograp
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eference to seven biological catego
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2.4.1.6. Demersal scavengers It is
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e measured must be specified. I rec
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3.2. Taxonomic standardization I st
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ecological comparisons. Several oth
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that supplied the benthos with ener
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speculate on the rates of recolonis
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Geographical variation Speaking nex
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Knowledge limitations Concluding hi
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on the other hand it turned out tha
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ecolonisation rates. If the area wa
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had been used to look at resediment
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ecover. In the case of the seabed,
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13. International Seabed Authority,
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Chapter 3 Current State of Knowledg
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side. Exploration contractors will
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However, for scientific endeavours
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50-m altitude (i.e., within the bot
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2.4. Biological communities The LTC
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sediment/water interface of each bo
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strata), with sampling on a diel ba
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abyssal seafloor communities 25 sea
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very useful to the design of baseli
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PRESENTATION ON DEEP-SEA ECOSYSTEM
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Most of the seabed macrofauna in th
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the CCFZ. Without understanding lev
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One could also make the opposite ar
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had to be mined each day. Assuming
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There was an increasing appreciatio
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whether the effects were severe in
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collect samples wherever he went in
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Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltsch
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25. C.R. Smith et al (1997), Latitu
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esistance and resilience of seafloo
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other parameters had been recorded
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environment, a conscious effort was
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oceanographic measurements, monitor
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Chapter 4 Priorities for Environmen
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and government organisations have c
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information. On the other hand, the
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contractors (1.5 x 10 6 km 2 ). Dur
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Contractors must carefully optimise
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3.4. Benthic and demersal community
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for environmental characterisation
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4.2.3. Observations of marine mamma
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Local topography exerts significant
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ooze can consist of more than 90% o
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Table 3 Benthic currents in the CCF
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5.3.2. Benthic currents and sedimen
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polychaetes and nematodes in the co
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from the DOMES sites illustrate thi
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5.5.1.1. Climate The climate is dom
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Surface temperatures typically reve
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process. With increasing depth, pho
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phosphorus. In the oceanic environm
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are found at about 40 m, while the
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often seen closer to land. The Paci
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square kilometres in two different
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In closing, Morgan discussed how to
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C.L. Morgan, N.A. Odunton and A.T.
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26. Y. Morel and R. LeSuave (1986),
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45. United States Office of Ocean M
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68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. Ibid. 71. T
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300 m deep basins alternating with
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in water depths at or close to the
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eyond the semi-liquid layer, to whi
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3.3. Modelling long-term propagatio
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) Take two or three cores at each s
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facies type, which was affected by
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Another useful way to define the to
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transport would not take any partic
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Use of geological data for environm
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Mining of Polymetallic Nodules from
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About 50 scientists were involved i
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the programme was to learn the beha
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econciled with the findings of othe
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located at almost every 2-minute in
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?? Geological studies: ?? Bathymetr
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the tracks. The range and average o
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designed to minimise the plume risi
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Sediment cond
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mining system would remain suspende
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design a collector. That device had
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?? For the upper layer environmenta
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Figure 1 Survey components of the u
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Figure 2. Map of the investigation
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2.4. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 5 Schematic illustration of
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JET 3: the field study conducted on
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Besides the above, measurements wer
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3.3. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 10. Location of the five FDC
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?? Calculation from discharged sedi
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5. Total mass of dried sediment dis
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Figure 14 Thickness contour map of
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The use of GIS has many advantages.
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than the 200-metre depth distributi
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Among the chemical parameters, the
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Impact of dis
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Mining (Metal Mining Agency of Japa
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Chapter 9 Data Standards Utilised i
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the three major categories of the b
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Various kinds of equipment were bei
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for biological research, but if it
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Asked for an estimate of the microb
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Sibuet agreed with Smith, emphasisi
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Chapter 10 Data Standards Utilised
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2.1.4. High precision depth recorde
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2.2.6. Piston corer ?? Acquiring bo
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2.3.3. Geotechnical properties ?? U
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?? Concentration of cells by settle
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3.3. Zooplankton (protozoan) 3.3.1.
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?? The abundance data from the phot
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4.3. Statistical analysis Kriging w
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Figure 4 Sampling-sites map of KODO
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o Temperature ( C) o 5 N o 6 N o 7
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PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA
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een placed in the experimental bott
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phosphate concentration had been me
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KORDI was having trouble with a 10-
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Other environmental studies Lee sai
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Chapter 11 Data Standards Utilised
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2. Hydrochemical investigations Hyd
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and 5-6 cm. Samples from all layers
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4. Proposals 1. To evaluate environ
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second part of BIE, beginning in 20
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counted and classified into higher
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procedures could be followed for th
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PART III Environmental Parameters N
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a third trap beneath the two that h
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of a nodule-strewn plain, picking u
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Possible impacts on the pelagic com
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Chapter 12 Chemical Oceanography Dr
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To obtain quality data on metals in
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egin right from the start of the ac
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was ambient water. The system teste
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characteristics of sediments in the
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discussed by Dr. Gerald Matisoff (c
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Citing difficulties in measuring sh
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Sediment traps A participant asked
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Commenting on a suggestion to utili
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diversity at the community level. A
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Stuart and Rex 22 have shown that l
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the fauna in these samples. If the
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made up of mountain chains, faultin
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adiated extensively there in many e
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etween shelf and slope adjoined an
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een mined some time before, and con
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Another participant observed that h
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identifying species at various loca
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addition, the multi-corer was being
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20. R.J. Etter and L.S. Mullineaux
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Chapter 15 Seafloor Macrofauna in P
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Figure 2 The plough-harrow. 1. Resu
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deeper sediment and soft, partly re
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Year No. Year Phase 0 1989 Baseline
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uttons on the onboard unit so that
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a stainless steel collar with three
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the majority of samples were obtain
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whirled up into the plume may reset
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to recover (see above) and the comm
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Different methods have been propose
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For the 12 most abundant families o
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area in the southeast Pacific Ocean
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should be treated with a lot of wat
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ack-up camera, had also housed smal
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in 1992 compared to 1989. Seven yea
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distribution of the samples. Anothe
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have reacted similarly by becoming
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Another participant thought that th
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Need for a large-scale experiment A
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3. E.J. Foell, H. Thiel and G. Schr
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22. Detailed description in ibid. 2
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held in Sanya, Hainan Island, Peopl
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1.1. Meiofaunal abundance Some exam
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Central Equatorial Pacific 2° N 44
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Nematode ecological diversity is un
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discrete but morphologically simila
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too difficult to deal with and were
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Institution, had collected 148 spec
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California and the Rockall Trough),
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Another factor supposed to influenc
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shallow water, where nematodes were
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speaking, TNHM had the types for an
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samples every two days. The equipme
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marine nematologist there were 10,0
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core might have worked because the
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16. P.J.D. Lambshead (2001), Marine
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Chapter 17 Pelagic Community Impact
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1.2. Potential phytoplankton impact
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spatial variability. Sampling shoul
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2.6. Zooplankton Depth-stratified s
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helping to achieve consensus among
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One potential impact of discharging
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Consequently, in sampling these reg
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elevated levels of cadmium. It migh
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?? Marine mammals and seabirds: The
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Asked whether the impact would be d
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on some of the mesopelagic fishes.
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9. K.H. Coale (1998), The Galapagos
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PART IV Sampling, Database and Stan
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In the discussion, one participant
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The paper went on to make recommend
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1. Challenges for Developing a Base
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and impact sites were attributed to
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differential response of the commun
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etter assess the spatial extent of
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x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
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Challenges to sampling studies If p
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un. On the other hand, if test mini
Page 481 and 482: the plume, could be a large area wi
Page 483 and 484: e needed to elucidate data about do
Page 485 and 486: and he might be underestimating. An
Page 487 and 488: Chapter 19 Database Requirements Dr
Page 489 and 490: • Professional Development and Ma
Page 491 and 492: model used at the British Museum of
Page 493 and 494: Agreeing, Rex said the management o
Page 495 and 496: the importance of including informa
Page 497 and 498: Environmental concerns The Secretar
Page 499 and 500: Asking participants for their views
Page 501 and 502: A participant suggested that echino
Page 503 and 504: detritus in the oceans. Smith agree
Page 505 and 506: oceanographer, go to sea with the v
Page 507 and 508: A participant observed that, by the
Page 509 and 510: controversial items such as macrofa
Page 511 and 512: Chapter 21 Standardization Strategi
Page 513 and 514: have described methods for the stud
Page 515 and 516: a. Direct impacts along the track o
Page 517 and 518: 3.3.2. Water column As the operatio
Page 519 and 520: 3.6. Applications of environmental
Page 521 and 522: d. The duration of the operations w
Page 523 and 524: ?? Avoiding the disturbance of the
Page 525 and 526: information for consideration and a
Page 527 and 528: ?? Total inorganic carbon by coulom
Page 529 and 530: Table 2 Core sections analyzed for
Page 531: 4200- 4400 4400- 4600 4600- 4800 48
Page 535 and 536: Turning to the requirements for fut
Page 537 and 538: SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Size of envir
Page 539 and 540: Asked whether he thought the result
Page 541 and 542: 2. J. S. Chung and K. Tsurusaki (19
Page 543 and 544: PART V Conclusions and Recommendati
Page 545 and 546: Chapter 22 Report of the Workshop T
Page 547 and 548: identified in square brackets [BB =
Page 549 and 550: available such information as (1) k
Page 551 and 552: y the Commission as ISBA/7/LTC/1/Re
Page 553 and 554: 1. Sediment Properties Sediment pro
Page 555 and 556: Table 2 lists the chemical paramete
Page 557 and 558: 4. Trace metals in benthic and epi-
Page 559 and 560: The following key parameters should
Page 561 and 562: enthic boundary layer) to evaluate
Page 563 and 564: a. Meteorological variables: sea st
Page 565 and 566: 3. A.R. Hiby and P.S. Hammond (1989
Page 567 and 568: DGPS differential global positionin
Page 569 and 570: PEIS P-I POC PON PRZ QA/QC RCM RDBM
Page 571 and 572: Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 573 and 574: Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 575 and 576: Area Parameters Instruments Levels
Page 577 and 578: 3b Parameter Variables Methodology
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