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14. G. Schriever and H. Thiel (1992), Cruise Report DISCOL 3, Sonne Cruise 77 (Berichte aus dem Zentrum für Meeres- und Klimaforschung, Hamburg University, Germany, Reihe E: 2), 59 pp. 15. H. Thiel and G. Schriever (1990), Environmental protection of the deep sea and the DISCOL project, Ambio 19, 245-250; H. Bluhm (1993), Effects of deep-sea mining for manganese nodules on the abyssal megabenthic community, Proceedings of the 25 th Annual Offshore Technology Conference (Houston, Texas, 3-6 May 1993, OTC paper 7134) 1: 521-529; H. Bluhm, G. Schriever and H. Thiel (1995), Megabenthic recolonization in an experimentally disturbed abyssal manganese nodule area, Marine Georesources and Geotechnology 13: 393-416. 16. H. Bluhm (2001), Re-establishment of an abyssal megabenthic community after experimental physical disturbance of the seafloor, Deep-Sea Research II 48(17/18): 3841-3868. 17. For example: J.F. Grassle (1977), Slow recolonization of deep-sea sediment, Nature 265: 618-619; L.A. Levin and C.R. Smith (1984), Response of background fauna to disturbance and enrichment in the deep sea: A sediment tray experiment, Deep-Sea Research 31: 1277-1285; C.R. Smith (1985), Colonization studies in the deep sea: Are results biased by experimental designs? in P.E. Gibbs (ed.), Proceedings of the Nineteenth European Marine Biological Symposium (Cambridge University Press) 183-190; J.F. Grassle and L.S. Morse-Porteous (1987), Macrofaunal colonization of disturbed deep-sea environments and the structure of deep-sea benthic communities, Deep-Sea Research 34A: 1911-1950; H. Kukert and C.R. Smith (1992), Disturbance, colonization and succession in a deep-sea sediment community: Artificial mound experiments, Deep-Sea Research 39: 1349-1371; P.V.R. Snelgrove, J.F. Grassle and R.F. Petrecca (1996), Experimental evidence for aging food patches as a factor contributing to high deep-sea macrofaunal diversity, Limnology Oceanography 41, 605-614. 18. H. Thiel et al. (1989), Phytodetritus on the deep-sea floor in a central oceanic region of the north-east Atlantic, Biological Oceanography 6: 203-239; T. Soltwedel, O. Pfannkuche and H. Thiel (1996), The size structure of deep-sea metazoan meiobenthos in the north eastern Atlantic: Nematode size spectra in relation to environmental variables, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 76(2): 327-344; O. Pfannkuche et al. (1999), Responses of deep-sea benthos to sedimentation patterns in the north-east Atlantic in 1992, Deep-Sea Research 46(4): 573-596. 19. For example H. Thiel, H. Weikert and L. Karbe (1986), Risk assessment for mining metalliferous muds in the deep Red Sea, Ambio 15: 34-41. 20. P.R.O. Barnett, J. Watson and D. Connelly (1984), A multiple corer for taking virtually undisturbed samples from shelf, bathyal and abyssal sediments, Oceanologica Acta 7(4): 399-408. 21. For a detailed description of the DISCOL sampling scheme see C. Borowski and H. Thiel (1998), Deep-sea macrofaunal impacts of a large-scale physical disturbance experiment in the Southeast Pacific, Deep-Sea Research II 45(1-3): 55-81. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 365
22. Detailed description in ibid. 23. H. Klein (1993), Near-bottom currents in the deep Peru Basin, DISCOL Experimental Area, Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift 45: 31-42. 24. C. Borowski and H. Thiel (1998), Deep-sea macrofaunal impacts of a large-scale physical disturbance experiment in the Southeast Pacific, Deep-Sea Research II 45(1- 3): 55-81; C. Borowski (2001), Physically disturbed deep-sea macrofauna in the Peru Basin, southeast Pacific, revisited 7 years after the experimental impact, Deep-Sea Research II 48(17/18): 3809-3839. 25. From H. Bluhm (1999), Holothurians as indicators for recolonisation processes in environmental assessment, The Proceedings of the Third (1999) ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium (International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, 8-19 November, Goa, India) 177 - 184. 26. From C. Borowski (2001), Physically disturbed deep-sea macrofauna in the Peru Basin, southeast Pacific, revisited 7 years after the experimental impact, Deep-Sea Research II 48(17/18): 3809-3839. 27. S.U. Hurlbert (1984), Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments, Ecological Monographs 54: 187-211. 28. Ibid. 29. J.M. Elliot (1977), Some Methods for the Statistical Analysis of Samples of Benthic Invertebrates (2nd edition, Scientific publications 25, Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, England), 160 pp. 30. N. Cosson, M. Sibuet and J. Galeron (1997), Community structure and spatial heterogeneity of the deep-sea macrofauna at three contrasting stations in the tropical northeast Atlantic, Deep-Sea Research 44(2): 247-269 31. S. Weinberg (1978), The minimal area problem in invertebrate communities of Mediterranean rocky substrata, Marine Biology 49: 33-40. 32. D. Pfeifer, H.-P. Bäumer and U. Schleier (1996), The "minimal area" problem in ecology: A spatial Poisson process approach, Computational Statistics 11: 415-428. 33. E.J. Foell, H. Thiel and G. Schriever (1992), DISCOL: A long-term, large-scale, disturbance-recolonization experiment in the abyssal eastern tropical South Pacific Ocean, Mining Engineering Jan. 1992: 90-94. 34. H. Bluhm (2001), Re-establishment of an abyssal megabenthic community after experimental physical disturbance of the seafloor, Deep-Sea Research II 48(17/18): 3841-3868. 35. H. Bluhm (1999), Holothurians as indicators for recolonisation processes in environmental assessment, The Proceedings of the Third (1999) ISOPE Ocean 366 INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
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STANDARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DA
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The designations employed and the p
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Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chap
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Standardization of Environmental Da
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Foreword Statement by the Secretary
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Participants Mr. Baïdy Diène, Spe
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Dr. Rahul Sharma, Scientist, Nation
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“Necessary measures shall be take
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three working groups, on chemistry
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Some vital procedures are not amena
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(Kingston, Jamaica), 289 pp. The re
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He observed that the Regulations, u
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Dr. Smith reviewed in detail the pr
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Notes and References 1. Internation
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- The Authority must be notified of
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area, but within one or two years e
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- A description of proposed measure
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??It has been previously made avail
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Financial obl
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In the discussion, flexibility in t
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Chapter 2 Overview of the Authority
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2.3. Chemical oceanography - Object
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3. Environmental Impact Assessment
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?? Nodule crushing methods, if any;
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Biological co
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The Secretary-General responded tha
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edeposit on the surrounding seafloo
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1.3. Importance of standardization
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detailed guidelines recommended by
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and “transect physical oceanograp
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eference to seven biological catego
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2.4.1.6. Demersal scavengers It is
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e measured must be specified. I rec
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3.2. Taxonomic standardization I st
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ecological comparisons. Several oth
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that supplied the benthos with ener
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speculate on the rates of recolonis
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Geographical variation Speaking nex
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Knowledge limitations Concluding hi
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on the other hand it turned out tha
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ecolonisation rates. If the area wa
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had been used to look at resediment
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ecover. In the case of the seabed,
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13. International Seabed Authority,
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Chapter 3 Current State of Knowledg
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side. Exploration contractors will
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However, for scientific endeavours
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50-m altitude (i.e., within the bot
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2.4. Biological communities The LTC
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sediment/water interface of each bo
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strata), with sampling on a diel ba
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abyssal seafloor communities 25 sea
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very useful to the design of baseli
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PRESENTATION ON DEEP-SEA ECOSYSTEM
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Most of the seabed macrofauna in th
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the CCFZ. Without understanding lev
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One could also make the opposite ar
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had to be mined each day. Assuming
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There was an increasing appreciatio
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whether the effects were severe in
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collect samples wherever he went in
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Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltsch
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25. C.R. Smith et al (1997), Latitu
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esistance and resilience of seafloo
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other parameters had been recorded
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environment, a conscious effort was
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oceanographic measurements, monitor
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Chapter 4 Priorities for Environmen
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and government organisations have c
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information. On the other hand, the
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contractors (1.5 x 10 6 km 2 ). Dur
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Contractors must carefully optimise
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3.4. Benthic and demersal community
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for environmental characterisation
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4.2.3. Observations of marine mamma
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Local topography exerts significant
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ooze can consist of more than 90% o
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Table 3 Benthic currents in the CCF
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5.3.2. Benthic currents and sedimen
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polychaetes and nematodes in the co
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from the DOMES sites illustrate thi
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5.5.1.1. Climate The climate is dom
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Surface temperatures typically reve
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process. With increasing depth, pho
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phosphorus. In the oceanic environm
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are found at about 40 m, while the
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often seen closer to land. The Paci
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square kilometres in two different
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In closing, Morgan discussed how to
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C.L. Morgan, N.A. Odunton and A.T.
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26. Y. Morel and R. LeSuave (1986),
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45. United States Office of Ocean M
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68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. Ibid. 71. T
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300 m deep basins alternating with
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in water depths at or close to the
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eyond the semi-liquid layer, to whi
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3.3. Modelling long-term propagatio
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) Take two or three cores at each s
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facies type, which was affected by
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Another useful way to define the to
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transport would not take any partic
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Use of geological data for environm
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Mining of Polymetallic Nodules from
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About 50 scientists were involved i
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the programme was to learn the beha
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econciled with the findings of othe
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located at almost every 2-minute in
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?? Geological studies: ?? Bathymetr
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the tracks. The range and average o
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designed to minimise the plume risi
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Sediment cond
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mining system would remain suspende
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design a collector. That device had
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?? For the upper layer environmenta
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Figure 1 Survey components of the u
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Figure 2. Map of the investigation
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2.4. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 5 Schematic illustration of
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JET 3: the field study conducted on
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Besides the above, measurements wer
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3.3. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 10. Location of the five FDC
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?? Calculation from discharged sedi
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5. Total mass of dried sediment dis
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Figure 14 Thickness contour map of
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The use of GIS has many advantages.
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than the 200-metre depth distributi
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Among the chemical parameters, the
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Impact of dis
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Mining (Metal Mining Agency of Japa
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Chapter 9 Data Standards Utilised i
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the three major categories of the b
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Various kinds of equipment were bei
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for biological research, but if it
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Asked for an estimate of the microb
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Sibuet agreed with Smith, emphasisi
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Chapter 10 Data Standards Utilised
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2.1.4. High precision depth recorde
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2.2.6. Piston corer ?? Acquiring bo
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2.3.3. Geotechnical properties ?? U
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?? Concentration of cells by settle
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3.3. Zooplankton (protozoan) 3.3.1.
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?? The abundance data from the phot
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4.3. Statistical analysis Kriging w
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Figure 4 Sampling-sites map of KODO
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o Temperature ( C) o 5 N o 6 N o 7
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PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA
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een placed in the experimental bott
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phosphate concentration had been me
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KORDI was having trouble with a 10-
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Other environmental studies Lee sai
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Chapter 11 Data Standards Utilised
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2. Hydrochemical investigations Hyd
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and 5-6 cm. Samples from all layers
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4. Proposals 1. To evaluate environ
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second part of BIE, beginning in 20
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counted and classified into higher
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procedures could be followed for th
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PART III Environmental Parameters N
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a third trap beneath the two that h
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of a nodule-strewn plain, picking u
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Possible impacts on the pelagic com
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Chapter 12 Chemical Oceanography Dr
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To obtain quality data on metals in
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egin right from the start of the ac
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was ambient water. The system teste
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characteristics of sediments in the
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discussed by Dr. Gerald Matisoff (c
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Citing difficulties in measuring sh
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Sediment traps A participant asked
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Commenting on a suggestion to utili
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diversity at the community level. A
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Stuart and Rex 22 have shown that l
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the fauna in these samples. If the
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made up of mountain chains, faultin
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adiated extensively there in many e
Page 353 and 354: etween shelf and slope adjoined an
Page 355 and 356: een mined some time before, and con
Page 357 and 358: Another participant observed that h
Page 359 and 360: identifying species at various loca
Page 361 and 362: addition, the multi-corer was being
Page 363 and 364: 20. R.J. Etter and L.S. Mullineaux
Page 365 and 366: Chapter 15 Seafloor Macrofauna in P
Page 367 and 368: Figure 2 The plough-harrow. 1. Resu
Page 369 and 370: deeper sediment and soft, partly re
Page 371 and 372: Year No. Year Phase 0 1989 Baseline
Page 373 and 374: uttons on the onboard unit so that
Page 375 and 376: a stainless steel collar with three
Page 377 and 378: the majority of samples were obtain
Page 379 and 380: whirled up into the plume may reset
Page 381 and 382: to recover (see above) and the comm
Page 383 and 384: Different methods have been propose
Page 385 and 386: For the 12 most abundant families o
Page 387 and 388: area in the southeast Pacific Ocean
Page 389 and 390: should be treated with a lot of wat
Page 391 and 392: ack-up camera, had also housed smal
Page 393 and 394: in 1992 compared to 1989. Seven yea
Page 395 and 396: distribution of the samples. Anothe
Page 397 and 398: have reacted similarly by becoming
Page 399 and 400: Another participant thought that th
Page 401 and 402: Need for a large-scale experiment A
Page 403: 3. E.J. Foell, H. Thiel and G. Schr
Page 407 and 408: held in Sanya, Hainan Island, Peopl
Page 409 and 410: 1.1. Meiofaunal abundance Some exam
Page 411 and 412: Central Equatorial Pacific 2° N 44
Page 413 and 414: Nematode ecological diversity is un
Page 415 and 416: discrete but morphologically simila
Page 417 and 418: too difficult to deal with and were
Page 419 and 420: Institution, had collected 148 spec
Page 421 and 422: California and the Rockall Trough),
Page 423 and 424: Another factor supposed to influenc
Page 425 and 426: shallow water, where nematodes were
Page 427 and 428: speaking, TNHM had the types for an
Page 429 and 430: samples every two days. The equipme
Page 431 and 432: marine nematologist there were 10,0
Page 433 and 434: core might have worked because the
Page 435 and 436: 16. P.J.D. Lambshead (2001), Marine
Page 437 and 438: Chapter 17 Pelagic Community Impact
Page 439 and 440: 1.2. Potential phytoplankton impact
Page 441 and 442: spatial variability. Sampling shoul
Page 443 and 444: 2.6. Zooplankton Depth-stratified s
Page 445 and 446: helping to achieve consensus among
Page 447 and 448: One potential impact of discharging
Page 449 and 450: Consequently, in sampling these reg
Page 451 and 452: elevated levels of cadmium. It migh
Page 453 and 454: ?? Marine mammals and seabirds: The
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Asked whether the impact would be d
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on some of the mesopelagic fishes.
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9. K.H. Coale (1998), The Galapagos
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PART IV Sampling, Database and Stan
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In the discussion, one participant
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The paper went on to make recommend
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1. Challenges for Developing a Base
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and impact sites were attributed to
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differential response of the commun
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etter assess the spatial extent of
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x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
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Challenges to sampling studies If p
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un. On the other hand, if test mini
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the plume, could be a large area wi
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e needed to elucidate data about do
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and he might be underestimating. An
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Chapter 19 Database Requirements Dr
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• Professional Development and Ma
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model used at the British Museum of
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Agreeing, Rex said the management o
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the importance of including informa
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Environmental concerns The Secretar
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Asking participants for their views
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A participant suggested that echino
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detritus in the oceans. Smith agree
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oceanographer, go to sea with the v
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A participant observed that, by the
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controversial items such as macrofa
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Chapter 21 Standardization Strategi
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have described methods for the stud
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a. Direct impacts along the track o
Page 517 and 518:
3.3.2. Water column As the operatio
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3.6. Applications of environmental
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d. The duration of the operations w
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?? Avoiding the disturbance of the
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information for consideration and a
Page 527 and 528:
?? Total inorganic carbon by coulom
Page 529 and 530:
Table 2 Core sections analyzed for
Page 531 and 532:
4200- 4400 4400- 4600 4600- 4800 48
Page 533 and 534:
Besides their utility for impact as
Page 535 and 536:
Turning to the requirements for fut
Page 537 and 538:
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Size of envir
Page 539 and 540:
Asked whether he thought the result
Page 541 and 542:
2. J. S. Chung and K. Tsurusaki (19
Page 543 and 544:
PART V Conclusions and Recommendati
Page 545 and 546:
Chapter 22 Report of the Workshop T
Page 547 and 548:
identified in square brackets [BB =
Page 549 and 550:
available such information as (1) k
Page 551 and 552:
y the Commission as ISBA/7/LTC/1/Re
Page 553 and 554:
1. Sediment Properties Sediment pro
Page 555 and 556:
Table 2 lists the chemical paramete
Page 557 and 558:
4. Trace metals in benthic and epi-
Page 559 and 560:
The following key parameters should
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enthic boundary layer) to evaluate
Page 563 and 564:
a. Meteorological variables: sea st
Page 565 and 566:
3. A.R. Hiby and P.S. Hammond (1989
Page 567 and 568:
DGPS differential global positionin
Page 569 and 570:
PEIS P-I POC PON PRZ QA/QC RCM RDBM
Page 571 and 572:
Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 573 and 574:
Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 575 and 576:
Area Parameters Instruments Levels
Page 577 and 578:
3b Parameter Variables Methodology
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