standardization of environmental data and information - International ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

. Linear two-directional on two parallel tracks: In order to account for turning space for the vessel, two parallel strips can be disturbed, leaving an undisturbed strip in the centre for resedimentation and monitoring. c. Doughnut pattern: A circular area with an undisturbed zone in the centre may be most economical in time and highly productive, as it requires no time for hauling up the disturber or for turning the vessel. d. Cartwheel pattern: All tracks passing through a centre point would give rise to a highly disturbed central zone and gradually lessdisturbed zones toward the periphery. This pattern may be used for assessment of relatively less-disturbed areas with respect to highly disturbed areas, similar to those of large-scale mining operations. 4.3.4. Autonomous disturber Unlike the present passive disturber, a disturber of the ROV (remotely operated vehicle) type, with thrusters and rotors attached to an umbilical cable from the depressor, would cover a larger area in much smaller time, making the operation economical and productive. 4.3.5. Real-time assessment of impact In addition to sediment traps and sediment sampling after the disturbance, observation of the plume with a rosette sampler, transmissometer and television camera from another vessel following the disturbing vessel would give a much better assessment of the immediate effects of sediment resuspension in the water column and on the seafloor. 5. Preparation for Deep Seabed Mining 5.1. Environmental considerations In order to limit the impacts to minimum levels, the following measures need to be taken in the design of the deep-sea mining system: ?? Minimizing sediment penetration of the collector and mining vehicle, INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 483
?? Avoiding the disturbance of the more consolidated suboxic sediment layer, ?? Reducing the mass of sediment swirled up into the near-bottom water layer, ?? Inducing a high rate of resedimentation from the plume behind the miner, ?? Minimizing the transport of sediment and abraded nodule fines to the ocean surface, ?? Reducing the discharge of tailings into bathyal or abyssal depths, and ?? Reducing the drift of tailings by increasing their sedimentation rate. 5.2. Some unanswered questions 1. What type of mining system or systems likely to be developed over the next 20 years can be a basis for environmental tests? 2. How do we categorize and identify pollutant or effluent discharges from the ship, buffer and miner/collector resulting from land processing and at-sea processing? 3. Given answers to questions 1 and 2, how do we develop an approach to disturbance-flow simulation models or component-disturbance tests above the seafloor, and verify the simulation models? 4. How do we generalize the test parameters from the tow-sled collector and miner/collector vehicle? 5. How much room do we leave in environmental test planning for unidentified deep-sea questions? 6. How do we integrate the test data on bottom disturbance and other effects into ecologically safe (environment-friendly) mining-system design and operations? 484 INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
Page 1 and 2:
STANDARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DA
Page 3 and 4:
The designations employed and the p
Page 5 and 6:
Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chap
Page 7 and 8:
Standardization of Environmental Da
Page 9 and 10:
Foreword Statement by the Secretary
Page 11 and 12:
Participants Mr. Baïdy Diène, Spe
Page 13 and 14:
Dr. Rahul Sharma, Scientist, Nation
Page 15 and 16:
“Necessary measures shall be take
Page 17 and 18:
three working groups, on chemistry
Page 19 and 20:
Some vital procedures are not amena
Page 21 and 22:
(Kingston, Jamaica), 289 pp. The re
Page 23 and 24:
He observed that the Regulations, u
Page 25 and 26:
Dr. Smith reviewed in detail the pr
Page 27 and 28:
Notes and References 1. Internation
Page 29 and 30:
- The Authority must be notified of
Page 31 and 32:
area, but within one or two years e
Page 33 and 34:
- A description of proposed measure
Page 35 and 36:
??It has been previously made avail
Page 37 and 38:
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Financial obl
Page 39 and 40:
In the discussion, flexibility in t
Page 41 and 42:
Chapter 2 Overview of the Authority
Page 43 and 44:
2.3. Chemical oceanography - Object
Page 45 and 46:
3. Environmental Impact Assessment
Page 47 and 48:
?? Nodule crushing methods, if any;
Page 49 and 50:
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Biological co
Page 51 and 52:
The Secretary-General responded tha
Page 53 and 54:
edeposit on the surrounding seafloo
Page 55 and 56:
1.3. Importance of standardization
Page 57 and 58:
detailed guidelines recommended by
Page 59 and 60:
and “transect physical oceanograp
Page 61 and 62:
eference to seven biological catego
Page 63 and 64:
2.4.1.6. Demersal scavengers It is
Page 65 and 66:
e measured must be specified. I rec
Page 67 and 68:
3.2. Taxonomic standardization I st
Page 69 and 70:
ecological comparisons. Several oth
Page 71 and 72:
that supplied the benthos with ener
Page 73 and 74:
speculate on the rates of recolonis
Page 75 and 76:
Geographical variation Speaking nex
Page 77 and 78:
Knowledge limitations Concluding hi
Page 79 and 80:
on the other hand it turned out tha
Page 81 and 82:
ecolonisation rates. If the area wa
Page 83 and 84:
had been used to look at resediment
Page 85 and 86:
ecover. In the case of the seabed,
Page 87 and 88:
13. International Seabed Authority,
Page 89 and 90:
Chapter 3 Current State of Knowledg
Page 91 and 92:
side. Exploration contractors will
Page 93 and 94:
However, for scientific endeavours
Page 95 and 96:
50-m altitude (i.e., within the bot
Page 97 and 98:
2.4. Biological communities The LTC
Page 99 and 100:
sediment/water interface of each bo
Page 101 and 102:
strata), with sampling on a diel ba
Page 103 and 104:
abyssal seafloor communities 25 sea
Page 105 and 106:
very useful to the design of baseli
Page 107 and 108:
PRESENTATION ON DEEP-SEA ECOSYSTEM
Page 109 and 110:
Most of the seabed macrofauna in th
Page 111 and 112:
the CCFZ. Without understanding lev
Page 113 and 114:
One could also make the opposite ar
Page 115 and 116:
had to be mined each day. Assuming
Page 117 and 118:
There was an increasing appreciatio
Page 119 and 120:
whether the effects were severe in
Page 121 and 122:
collect samples wherever he went in
Page 123 and 124:
Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltsch
Page 125 and 126:
25. C.R. Smith et al (1997), Latitu
Page 127 and 128:
esistance and resilience of seafloo
Page 129 and 130:
other parameters had been recorded
Page 131 and 132:
environment, a conscious effort was
Page 133 and 134:
oceanographic measurements, monitor
Page 135 and 136:
Chapter 4 Priorities for Environmen
Page 137 and 138:
and government organisations have c
Page 139 and 140:
information. On the other hand, the
Page 141 and 142:
contractors (1.5 x 10 6 km 2 ). Dur
Page 143 and 144:
Contractors must carefully optimise
Page 145 and 146:
3.4. Benthic and demersal community
Page 147 and 148:
for environmental characterisation
Page 149 and 150:
4.2.3. Observations of marine mamma
Page 151 and 152:
Local topography exerts significant
Page 153 and 154:
ooze can consist of more than 90% o
Page 155 and 156:
Table 3 Benthic currents in the CCF
Page 157 and 158:
5.3.2. Benthic currents and sedimen
Page 159 and 160:
polychaetes and nematodes in the co
Page 161 and 162:
from the DOMES sites illustrate thi
Page 163 and 164:
5.5.1.1. Climate The climate is dom
Page 165 and 166:
Surface temperatures typically reve
Page 167 and 168:
process. With increasing depth, pho
Page 169 and 170:
phosphorus. In the oceanic environm
Page 171 and 172:
are found at about 40 m, while the
Page 173 and 174:
often seen closer to land. The Paci
Page 175 and 176:
square kilometres in two different
Page 177 and 178:
In closing, Morgan discussed how to
Page 179 and 180:
C.L. Morgan, N.A. Odunton and A.T.
Page 181 and 182:
26. Y. Morel and R. LeSuave (1986),
Page 183 and 184:
45. United States Office of Ocean M
Page 185 and 186:
68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. Ibid. 71. T
Page 187 and 188:
300 m deep basins alternating with
Page 189 and 190:
in water depths at or close to the
Page 191 and 192:
eyond the semi-liquid layer, to whi
Page 193 and 194:
3.3. Modelling long-term propagatio
Page 195 and 196:
) Take two or three cores at each s
Page 197 and 198:
facies type, which was affected by
Page 199 and 200:
Another useful way to define the to
Page 201 and 202:
transport would not take any partic
Page 203 and 204:
Use of geological data for environm
Page 205 and 206:
Mining of Polymetallic Nodules from
Page 207 and 208:
About 50 scientists were involved i
Page 209 and 210:
the programme was to learn the beha
Page 211 and 212:
econciled with the findings of othe
Page 213 and 214:
located at almost every 2-minute in
Page 215 and 216:
?? Geological studies: ?? Bathymetr
Page 217 and 218:
the tracks. The range and average o
Page 219 and 220:
designed to minimise the plume risi
Page 221 and 222:
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Sediment cond
Page 223 and 224:
mining system would remain suspende
Page 225 and 226:
design a collector. That device had
Page 227 and 228:
?? For the upper layer environmenta
Page 229 and 230:
Figure 1 Survey components of the u
Page 231 and 232:
Figure 2. Map of the investigation
Page 233 and 234:
2.4. Sample processing and size cat
Page 235 and 236:
Figure 5 Schematic illustration of
Page 237 and 238:
JET 3: the field study conducted on
Page 239 and 240:
Besides the above, measurements wer
Page 241 and 242:
3.3. Sample processing and size cat
Page 243 and 244:
Figure 10. Location of the five FDC
Page 245 and 246:
?? Calculation from discharged sedi
Page 247 and 248:
5. Total mass of dried sediment dis
Page 249 and 250:
Figure 14 Thickness contour map of
Page 251 and 252:
The use of GIS has many advantages.
Page 253 and 254:
than the 200-metre depth distributi
Page 255 and 256:
Among the chemical parameters, the
Page 257 and 258:
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Impact of dis
Page 259 and 260:
Mining (Metal Mining Agency of Japa
Page 261 and 262:
Chapter 9 Data Standards Utilised i
Page 263 and 264:
the three major categories of the b
Page 265 and 266:
Various kinds of equipment were bei
Page 267 and 268:
for biological research, but if it
Page 269 and 270:
Asked for an estimate of the microb
Page 271 and 272:
Sibuet agreed with Smith, emphasisi
Page 273 and 274:
Chapter 10 Data Standards Utilised
Page 275 and 276:
2.1.4. High precision depth recorde
Page 277 and 278:
2.2.6. Piston corer ?? Acquiring bo
Page 279 and 280:
2.3.3. Geotechnical properties ?? U
Page 281 and 282:
?? Concentration of cells by settle
Page 283 and 284:
3.3. Zooplankton (protozoan) 3.3.1.
Page 285 and 286:
?? The abundance data from the phot
Page 287 and 288:
4.3. Statistical analysis Kriging w
Page 289 and 290:
Figure 4 Sampling-sites map of KODO
Page 291 and 292:
o Temperature ( C) o 5 N o 6 N o 7
Page 293 and 294:
PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA
Page 295 and 296:
een placed in the experimental bott
Page 297 and 298:
phosphate concentration had been me
Page 299 and 300:
KORDI was having trouble with a 10-
Page 301 and 302:
Other environmental studies Lee sai
Page 303 and 304:
Chapter 11 Data Standards Utilised
Page 305 and 306:
2. Hydrochemical investigations Hyd
Page 307 and 308:
and 5-6 cm. Samples from all layers
Page 309 and 310:
4. Proposals 1. To evaluate environ
Page 311 and 312:
second part of BIE, beginning in 20
Page 313 and 314:
counted and classified into higher
Page 315 and 316:
procedures could be followed for th
Page 317 and 318:
PART III Environmental Parameters N
Page 319 and 320:
a third trap beneath the two that h
Page 321 and 322:
of a nodule-strewn plain, picking u
Page 323 and 324:
Possible impacts on the pelagic com
Page 325 and 326:
Chapter 12 Chemical Oceanography Dr
Page 327 and 328:
To obtain quality data on metals in
Page 329 and 330:
egin right from the start of the ac
Page 331 and 332:
was ambient water. The system teste
Page 333 and 334:
characteristics of sediments in the
Page 335 and 336:
discussed by Dr. Gerald Matisoff (c
Page 337 and 338:
Citing difficulties in measuring sh
Page 339 and 340:
Sediment traps A participant asked
Page 341 and 342:
Commenting on a suggestion to utili
Page 343 and 344:
diversity at the community level. A
Page 345 and 346:
Stuart and Rex 22 have shown that l
Page 347 and 348:
the fauna in these samples. If the
Page 349 and 350:
made up of mountain chains, faultin
Page 351 and 352:
adiated extensively there in many e
Page 353 and 354:
etween shelf and slope adjoined an
Page 355 and 356:
een mined some time before, and con
Page 357 and 358:
Another participant observed that h
Page 359 and 360:
identifying species at various loca
Page 361 and 362:
addition, the multi-corer was being
Page 363 and 364:
20. R.J. Etter and L.S. Mullineaux
Page 365 and 366:
Chapter 15 Seafloor Macrofauna in P
Page 367 and 368:
Figure 2 The plough-harrow. 1. Resu
Page 369 and 370:
deeper sediment and soft, partly re
Page 371 and 372:
Year No. Year Phase 0 1989 Baseline
Page 373 and 374:
uttons on the onboard unit so that
Page 375 and 376:
a stainless steel collar with three
Page 377 and 378:
the majority of samples were obtain
Page 379 and 380:
whirled up into the plume may reset
Page 381 and 382:
to recover (see above) and the comm
Page 383 and 384:
Different methods have been propose
Page 385 and 386:
For the 12 most abundant families o
Page 387 and 388:
area in the southeast Pacific Ocean
Page 389 and 390:
should be treated with a lot of wat
Page 391 and 392:
ack-up camera, had also housed smal
Page 393 and 394:
in 1992 compared to 1989. Seven yea
Page 395 and 396:
distribution of the samples. Anothe
Page 397 and 398:
have reacted similarly by becoming
Page 399 and 400:
Another participant thought that th
Page 401 and 402:
Need for a large-scale experiment A
Page 403 and 404:
3. E.J. Foell, H. Thiel and G. Schr
Page 405 and 406:
22. Detailed description in ibid. 2
Page 407 and 408:
held in Sanya, Hainan Island, Peopl
Page 409 and 410:
1.1. Meiofaunal abundance Some exam
Page 411 and 412:
Central Equatorial Pacific 2° N 44
Page 413 and 414:
Nematode ecological diversity is un
Page 415 and 416:
discrete but morphologically simila
Page 417 and 418:
too difficult to deal with and were
Page 419 and 420:
Institution, had collected 148 spec
Page 421 and 422:
California and the Rockall Trough),
Page 423 and 424:
Another factor supposed to influenc
Page 425 and 426:
shallow water, where nematodes were
Page 427 and 428:
speaking, TNHM had the types for an
Page 429 and 430:
samples every two days. The equipme
Page 431 and 432:
marine nematologist there were 10,0
Page 433 and 434:
core might have worked because the
Page 435 and 436:
16. P.J.D. Lambshead (2001), Marine
Page 437 and 438:
Chapter 17 Pelagic Community Impact
Page 439 and 440:
1.2. Potential phytoplankton impact
Page 441 and 442:
spatial variability. Sampling shoul
Page 443 and 444:
2.6. Zooplankton Depth-stratified s
Page 445 and 446:
helping to achieve consensus among
Page 447 and 448:
One potential impact of discharging
Page 449 and 450:
Consequently, in sampling these reg
Page 451 and 452:
elevated levels of cadmium. It migh
Page 453 and 454:
?? Marine mammals and seabirds: The
Page 455 and 456:
Asked whether the impact would be d
Page 457 and 458:
on some of the mesopelagic fishes.
Page 459 and 460:
9. K.H. Coale (1998), The Galapagos
Page 461 and 462:
PART IV Sampling, Database and Stan
Page 463 and 464:
In the discussion, one participant
Page 465 and 466:
The paper went on to make recommend
Page 467 and 468:
1. Challenges for Developing a Base
Page 469 and 470:
and impact sites were attributed to
Page 471 and 472: differential response of the commun
Page 473 and 474: etter assess the spatial extent of
Page 475 and 476: x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Page 477 and 478: Challenges to sampling studies If p
Page 479 and 480: un. On the other hand, if test mini
Page 481 and 482: the plume, could be a large area wi
Page 483 and 484: e needed to elucidate data about do
Page 485 and 486: and he might be underestimating. An
Page 487 and 488: Chapter 19 Database Requirements Dr
Page 489 and 490: • Professional Development and Ma
Page 491 and 492: model used at the British Museum of
Page 493 and 494: Agreeing, Rex said the management o
Page 495 and 496: the importance of including informa
Page 497 and 498: Environmental concerns The Secretar
Page 499 and 500: Asking participants for their views
Page 501 and 502: A participant suggested that echino
Page 503 and 504: detritus in the oceans. Smith agree
Page 505 and 506: oceanographer, go to sea with the v
Page 507 and 508: A participant observed that, by the
Page 509 and 510: controversial items such as macrofa
Page 511 and 512: Chapter 21 Standardization Strategi
Page 513 and 514: have described methods for the stud
Page 515 and 516: a. Direct impacts along the track o
Page 517 and 518: 3.3.2. Water column As the operatio
Page 519 and 520: 3.6. Applications of environmental
Page 521: d. The duration of the operations w
Page 525 and 526: information for consideration and a
Page 527 and 528: ?? Total inorganic carbon by coulom
Page 529 and 530: Table 2 Core sections analyzed for
Page 531 and 532: 4200- 4400 4400- 4600 4600- 4800 48
Page 533 and 534: Besides their utility for impact as
Page 535 and 536: Turning to the requirements for fut
Page 537 and 538: SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Size of envir
Page 539 and 540: Asked whether he thought the result
Page 541 and 542: 2. J. S. Chung and K. Tsurusaki (19
Page 543 and 544: PART V Conclusions and Recommendati
Page 545 and 546: Chapter 22 Report of the Workshop T
Page 547 and 548: identified in square brackets [BB =
Page 549 and 550: available such information as (1) k
Page 551 and 552: y the Commission as ISBA/7/LTC/1/Re
Page 553 and 554: 1. Sediment Properties Sediment pro
Page 555 and 556: Table 2 lists the chemical paramete
Page 557 and 558: 4. Trace metals in benthic and epi-
Page 559 and 560: The following key parameters should
Page 561 and 562: enthic boundary layer) to evaluate
Page 563 and 564: a. Meteorological variables: sea st
Page 565 and 566: 3. A.R. Hiby and P.S. Hammond (1989
Page 567 and 568: DGPS differential global positionin
Page 569 and 570: PEIS P-I POC PON PRZ QA/QC RCM RDBM
Page 571 and 572: Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 573 and 574:
Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 575 and 576:
Area Parameters Instruments Levels
Page 577 and 578:
3b Parameter Variables Methodology
show all

standardization of environmental data and information - International ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?