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Regarding the sampling protocols utilized for meiofauna, he said DISCOL had sampled at 1 centimetre intervals up to 6 cm; NOAA at 0.5 cm intervals up to 3 cm; JET at 0.25 cm intervals up to 1 cm, then 0.5 cm intervals up to 3 cm and 1 cm intervals up to 5 cm; IOM at 0.5 cm up to 3 cm and 1 cm intervals up to 6 cm, and INDEX at 2 cm intervals up to 10 cm. The Indian group had chosen broad intervals because it did not have access to a multicorer. Once again, there was non-uniformity in the sampling protocols for meiofauna. Yet, the meiofauna was a good indicator of impact from mining for nodules. Many biologists said that the top 2 cm would be critical, as the largest numbers of meiofauna in the sediment column were located there and mining would disturb the top 5 to 10 cm. He next cited an example of the measurement of water content from three samples taken at the same location but using two different coring devices. The data from a box core, even taking the averages at three different levels in the sediment core, indicated that the water-content levels were extremely heterogeneous, with no particular profile or trend. The multicorer, however, showed a clear downward trend in water content. Thus, different samplers gave different patterns of data for samples collected at the same location. In another comparison, he cited sediment-density estimates from Indian and Japanese sites using four different methods involving the removal or non-removal of air from the sediment: (1) measurement without creating a vacuum in the sediment, where the sample was dried but exposed for some time; (2) similar measurement where the sample was dried but not exposed; (3) measurement by creating a vacuum and exposing the sample for some time, and (4) similar measurement but without exposing the sample. Again, different values had been obtained for sediment density. Probably the ideal method would have been to use a vacuum device, dry the sediment, not expose it to the atmosphere, remove all moisture, remove all air and then measure the density of the sediment. He then compared the scales of the BIEs. Their duration had been between 18 and 88 hours, whereas the expected duration of mining was 300 days/yr. The experiments covered areas of 33-141 km 2 , whereas the expected area of mining was about 300-600 km²/yr. The recovery rate in the experiments had been 0.77-1.4 m³/minute, while the expected rate during mining was about 37.5 m³/min. Thus, the experiments were orders of magnitude smaller than mining, so that extrapolation of data was a question mark. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 495
Turning to the requirements for future impact experiments, Sharma said he was broaching this topic because the requirements needed to be set now. He listed the following: greater discharge of sediment; variable altitudes of discharge in the water column; assessment of impact at all levels in the water column, since mining would impact levels other than the benthic area; a pattern of disturbance more closely resembling what a nodule collector would cause, to be defined after talking with engineers; real-time impact assessment; regular monitoring, and preferably use of a pilot-mining system. Investigators should avoid repeating the mistake of generating a disturbance without knowing whether it conformed to the design of a mining system and thus whether the resulting data would be applicable. He offered some suggestions that environmental scientists might give to mining-system developers and mining engineers: minimize sediment penetration, restrict sediment dispersal to the seafloor so that it would not spread, minimize nodule and sediment transport to the surface, discharge tailings below the oxygen-minimum zone and treat the tailings before discharge. Environmental scientists had a responsibility to sit with the mining engineers to discuss such matters. He identified several unanswered questions: What kind of mining system was likely for the future? What were the likely impacts of this system? How would pollutants from the collector or ship be identified? How should test data be integrated with the mining-system design and operations? The Authority should expect statements from each contractor giving detailed baseline data, criteria for the selection of test and reference sites, the results of any simulated impact experiment, the expected environmental impact due to mining, parameters for monitoring of impact and proposed measures to minimize the effects. He raised these points because the contractors would need to know in advance what was expected from them. He then gave an example from the Indian site, stating that India was in the process of relinquishing the extra area of its original claim, leaving it with 75,000 km². The area covered by test and reference sites so far was about 700 km², meaning that less than 1 percent of the claim had been studied from an environmental point of view. That was not enough because, over the area of 75,000 km² where a mine site could somewhere 496 INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
Page 1 and 2:
STANDARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DA
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The designations employed and the p
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Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chap
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Standardization of Environmental Da
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Foreword Statement by the Secretary
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Participants Mr. Baïdy Diène, Spe
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Dr. Rahul Sharma, Scientist, Nation
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“Necessary measures shall be take
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three working groups, on chemistry
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Some vital procedures are not amena
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(Kingston, Jamaica), 289 pp. The re
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He observed that the Regulations, u
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Dr. Smith reviewed in detail the pr
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Notes and References 1. Internation
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- The Authority must be notified of
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area, but within one or two years e
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- A description of proposed measure
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??It has been previously made avail
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Financial obl
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In the discussion, flexibility in t
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Chapter 2 Overview of the Authority
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2.3. Chemical oceanography - Object
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3. Environmental Impact Assessment
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?? Nodule crushing methods, if any;
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Biological co
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The Secretary-General responded tha
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edeposit on the surrounding seafloo
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1.3. Importance of standardization
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detailed guidelines recommended by
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and “transect physical oceanograp
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eference to seven biological catego
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2.4.1.6. Demersal scavengers It is
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e measured must be specified. I rec
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3.2. Taxonomic standardization I st
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ecological comparisons. Several oth
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that supplied the benthos with ener
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speculate on the rates of recolonis
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Geographical variation Speaking nex
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Knowledge limitations Concluding hi
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on the other hand it turned out tha
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ecolonisation rates. If the area wa
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had been used to look at resediment
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ecover. In the case of the seabed,
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13. International Seabed Authority,
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Chapter 3 Current State of Knowledg
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side. Exploration contractors will
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However, for scientific endeavours
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50-m altitude (i.e., within the bot
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2.4. Biological communities The LTC
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sediment/water interface of each bo
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strata), with sampling on a diel ba
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abyssal seafloor communities 25 sea
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very useful to the design of baseli
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PRESENTATION ON DEEP-SEA ECOSYSTEM
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Most of the seabed macrofauna in th
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the CCFZ. Without understanding lev
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One could also make the opposite ar
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had to be mined each day. Assuming
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There was an increasing appreciatio
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whether the effects were severe in
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collect samples wherever he went in
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Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltsch
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25. C.R. Smith et al (1997), Latitu
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esistance and resilience of seafloo
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other parameters had been recorded
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environment, a conscious effort was
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oceanographic measurements, monitor
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Chapter 4 Priorities for Environmen
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and government organisations have c
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information. On the other hand, the
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contractors (1.5 x 10 6 km 2 ). Dur
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Contractors must carefully optimise
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3.4. Benthic and demersal community
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for environmental characterisation
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4.2.3. Observations of marine mamma
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Local topography exerts significant
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ooze can consist of more than 90% o
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Table 3 Benthic currents in the CCF
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5.3.2. Benthic currents and sedimen
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polychaetes and nematodes in the co
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from the DOMES sites illustrate thi
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5.5.1.1. Climate The climate is dom
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Surface temperatures typically reve
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process. With increasing depth, pho
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phosphorus. In the oceanic environm
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are found at about 40 m, while the
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often seen closer to land. The Paci
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square kilometres in two different
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In closing, Morgan discussed how to
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C.L. Morgan, N.A. Odunton and A.T.
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26. Y. Morel and R. LeSuave (1986),
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45. United States Office of Ocean M
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68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. Ibid. 71. T
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300 m deep basins alternating with
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in water depths at or close to the
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eyond the semi-liquid layer, to whi
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3.3. Modelling long-term propagatio
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) Take two or three cores at each s
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facies type, which was affected by
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Another useful way to define the to
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transport would not take any partic
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Use of geological data for environm
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Mining of Polymetallic Nodules from
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About 50 scientists were involved i
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the programme was to learn the beha
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econciled with the findings of othe
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located at almost every 2-minute in
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?? Geological studies: ?? Bathymetr
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the tracks. The range and average o
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designed to minimise the plume risi
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Sediment cond
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mining system would remain suspende
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design a collector. That device had
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?? For the upper layer environmenta
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Figure 1 Survey components of the u
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Figure 2. Map of the investigation
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2.4. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 5 Schematic illustration of
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JET 3: the field study conducted on
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Besides the above, measurements wer
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3.3. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 10. Location of the five FDC
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?? Calculation from discharged sedi
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5. Total mass of dried sediment dis
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Figure 14 Thickness contour map of
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The use of GIS has many advantages.
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than the 200-metre depth distributi
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Among the chemical parameters, the
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Impact of dis
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Mining (Metal Mining Agency of Japa
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Chapter 9 Data Standards Utilised i
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the three major categories of the b
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Various kinds of equipment were bei
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for biological research, but if it
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Asked for an estimate of the microb
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Sibuet agreed with Smith, emphasisi
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Chapter 10 Data Standards Utilised
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2.1.4. High precision depth recorde
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2.2.6. Piston corer ?? Acquiring bo
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2.3.3. Geotechnical properties ?? U
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?? Concentration of cells by settle
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3.3. Zooplankton (protozoan) 3.3.1.
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?? The abundance data from the phot
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4.3. Statistical analysis Kriging w
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Figure 4 Sampling-sites map of KODO
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o Temperature ( C) o 5 N o 6 N o 7
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PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA
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een placed in the experimental bott
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phosphate concentration had been me
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KORDI was having trouble with a 10-
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Other environmental studies Lee sai
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Chapter 11 Data Standards Utilised
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2. Hydrochemical investigations Hyd
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and 5-6 cm. Samples from all layers
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4. Proposals 1. To evaluate environ
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second part of BIE, beginning in 20
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counted and classified into higher
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procedures could be followed for th
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PART III Environmental Parameters N
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a third trap beneath the two that h
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of a nodule-strewn plain, picking u
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Possible impacts on the pelagic com
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Chapter 12 Chemical Oceanography Dr
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To obtain quality data on metals in
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egin right from the start of the ac
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was ambient water. The system teste
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characteristics of sediments in the
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discussed by Dr. Gerald Matisoff (c
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Citing difficulties in measuring sh
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Sediment traps A participant asked
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Commenting on a suggestion to utili
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diversity at the community level. A
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Stuart and Rex 22 have shown that l
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the fauna in these samples. If the
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made up of mountain chains, faultin
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adiated extensively there in many e
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etween shelf and slope adjoined an
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een mined some time before, and con
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Another participant observed that h
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identifying species at various loca
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addition, the multi-corer was being
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20. R.J. Etter and L.S. Mullineaux
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Chapter 15 Seafloor Macrofauna in P
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Figure 2 The plough-harrow. 1. Resu
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deeper sediment and soft, partly re
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Year No. Year Phase 0 1989 Baseline
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uttons on the onboard unit so that
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a stainless steel collar with three
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the majority of samples were obtain
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whirled up into the plume may reset
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to recover (see above) and the comm
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Different methods have been propose
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For the 12 most abundant families o
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area in the southeast Pacific Ocean
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should be treated with a lot of wat
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ack-up camera, had also housed smal
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in 1992 compared to 1989. Seven yea
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distribution of the samples. Anothe
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have reacted similarly by becoming
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Another participant thought that th
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Need for a large-scale experiment A
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3. E.J. Foell, H. Thiel and G. Schr
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22. Detailed description in ibid. 2
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held in Sanya, Hainan Island, Peopl
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1.1. Meiofaunal abundance Some exam
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Central Equatorial Pacific 2° N 44
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Nematode ecological diversity is un
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discrete but morphologically simila
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too difficult to deal with and were
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Institution, had collected 148 spec
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California and the Rockall Trough),
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Another factor supposed to influenc
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shallow water, where nematodes were
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speaking, TNHM had the types for an
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samples every two days. The equipme
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marine nematologist there were 10,0
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core might have worked because the
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16. P.J.D. Lambshead (2001), Marine
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Chapter 17 Pelagic Community Impact
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1.2. Potential phytoplankton impact
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spatial variability. Sampling shoul
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2.6. Zooplankton Depth-stratified s
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helping to achieve consensus among
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One potential impact of discharging
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Consequently, in sampling these reg
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elevated levels of cadmium. It migh
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?? Marine mammals and seabirds: The
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Asked whether the impact would be d
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on some of the mesopelagic fishes.
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9. K.H. Coale (1998), The Galapagos
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PART IV Sampling, Database and Stan
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In the discussion, one participant
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The paper went on to make recommend
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1. Challenges for Developing a Base
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and impact sites were attributed to
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differential response of the commun
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etter assess the spatial extent of
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x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
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Challenges to sampling studies If p
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un. On the other hand, if test mini
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the plume, could be a large area wi
Page 483 and 484: e needed to elucidate data about do
Page 485 and 486: and he might be underestimating. An
Page 487 and 488: Chapter 19 Database Requirements Dr
Page 489 and 490: • Professional Development and Ma
Page 491 and 492: model used at the British Museum of
Page 493 and 494: Agreeing, Rex said the management o
Page 495 and 496: the importance of including informa
Page 497 and 498: Environmental concerns The Secretar
Page 499 and 500: Asking participants for their views
Page 501 and 502: A participant suggested that echino
Page 503 and 504: detritus in the oceans. Smith agree
Page 505 and 506: oceanographer, go to sea with the v
Page 507 and 508: A participant observed that, by the
Page 509 and 510: controversial items such as macrofa
Page 511 and 512: Chapter 21 Standardization Strategi
Page 513 and 514: have described methods for the stud
Page 515 and 516: a. Direct impacts along the track o
Page 517 and 518: 3.3.2. Water column As the operatio
Page 519 and 520: 3.6. Applications of environmental
Page 521 and 522: d. The duration of the operations w
Page 523 and 524: ?? Avoiding the disturbance of the
Page 525 and 526: information for consideration and a
Page 527 and 528: ?? Total inorganic carbon by coulom
Page 529 and 530: Table 2 Core sections analyzed for
Page 531 and 532: 4200- 4400 4400- 4600 4600- 4800 48
Page 533: Besides their utility for impact as
Page 537 and 538: SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Size of envir
Page 539 and 540: Asked whether he thought the result
Page 541 and 542: 2. J. S. Chung and K. Tsurusaki (19
Page 543 and 544: PART V Conclusions and Recommendati
Page 545 and 546: Chapter 22 Report of the Workshop T
Page 547 and 548: identified in square brackets [BB =
Page 549 and 550: available such information as (1) k
Page 551 and 552: y the Commission as ISBA/7/LTC/1/Re
Page 553 and 554: 1. Sediment Properties Sediment pro
Page 555 and 556: Table 2 lists the chemical paramete
Page 557 and 558: 4. Trace metals in benthic and epi-
Page 559 and 560: The following key parameters should
Page 561 and 562: enthic boundary layer) to evaluate
Page 563 and 564: a. Meteorological variables: sea st
Page 565 and 566: 3. A.R. Hiby and P.S. Hammond (1989
Page 567 and 568: DGPS differential global positionin
Page 569 and 570: PEIS P-I POC PON PRZ QA/QC RCM RDBM
Page 571 and 572: Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 573 and 574: Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 575 and 576: Area Parameters Instruments Levels
Page 577 and 578: 3b Parameter Variables Methodology
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