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Current-meter chains had been deployed, generally for one year. Differences had been observed between the western and eastern areas. The current rate was generally below 8 cm/second but occasionally there had been records of about 15 cm/s. Unexplained variability of temperature had been observed about 15 metres above the seafloor. At the time measurements were made, El Niño and La Niña events in the area were taken into account. Investigations were generally conducted in the same season to investigate interannual variability. In 1998, the mixed layer had become thicker, meaning that the thermocline layer was deepening. Other parameters in the oligotrophic zone – such as pH, nutrients and biochemical variables including chlorophyll a from different depths -- had also behaved similarly because of the disturbance caused by the El Niño event. Generally, the thermocline layer in this area increased and became thinner from west to east. During El Niño, the layer deepened, and in the mixed layer, the nutrients and some biochemical parameters were depleted. Variability had also been recorded in the deep sea, but it was not known whether this was a response to the events in the upper ocean. Discussing a strategy for solving some of the problems of the deepsea ecosystem, he said COMRA would like to know whether mining would have no obvious impacts or serious impacts on the ecosystem. The question could be studied by setting up models covering different aspects of hydrographical, biological and chemical systems and sedimentology. Sensitive parameters should be selected; not all parameters should be measured. The weight of each parameter should be determined for calculations or predictions in the model. The key problem, of course, was natural variability. COMRA already had some data for the past few years, and work in the Chinese pioneer area had continued in 2001 to observe the changes. EISET programme Finally, Zhou described COMRA’s EISET programme (Environmental impact studies and equipment tests), in which Chinese engineers had tested a small manganese nodule collector in a lake 120 m deep and had conducted environmental impact studies. They thought it valuable to do such environmental impact studies with the potential miner, even though the tests occurred in a lake and not in the ocean. One of the purposes of INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 169
the programme was to learn the behaviour of the plume. Monitoring was being done from a ship, employing cores, nets, water samplers, sediment traps and sediment samplers, ADCP, a deep-water video camera and porewater samplers. The programme had been divided into three stages. The first stage was baseline collection before the testing of the miner. The second stage was monitoring while the equipment test was in progress, and the third stage incorporated monitoring to see the recovery or recolonisation of the ecosystem. Baseline collection had been completed a month ago, using water samplers, CTDs, nets, ADCP, sediment traps at six levels and other equipment similar to that used in marine investigations. SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Deep-sea fauna Asked whether China was studying the potential economic or medical benefits of seafloor fauna, Dr. Zhou said he still did not know the economic value of this ecosystem but he thought that people should try to understand everything involved with harvesting manganese nodules. To another question, he replied that he did not know whether the International Seabed Authority might be able to concern itself with the economic benefit of the fauna. Equipment studies Asked how relevant the experiment on the lake was for deepseabed mining, he answered that the experiment measured grain size and other characteristics of the sediment, as well as some biological parameters. While aware of the differences between a lake and the deep ocean, COMRA thought its experiment afforded a good opportunity to learn about the behaviour of benthic plumes. Although there were differences, especially because of the different currents, the measurements and results would be compared with those from deep-sea experiments, such as the Disturbance and Recolonisation project (DISCOL) and the Benthic Impact Experiment (BIE). He replied in the negative when asked whether China had any plans to extend its equipment test to the deep sea. 170 INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
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STANDARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DA
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The designations employed and the p
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Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chap
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Standardization of Environmental Da
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Foreword Statement by the Secretary
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Participants Mr. Baïdy Diène, Spe
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Dr. Rahul Sharma, Scientist, Nation
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“Necessary measures shall be take
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three working groups, on chemistry
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Some vital procedures are not amena
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(Kingston, Jamaica), 289 pp. The re
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He observed that the Regulations, u
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Dr. Smith reviewed in detail the pr
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Notes and References 1. Internation
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- The Authority must be notified of
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area, but within one or two years e
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- A description of proposed measure
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??It has been previously made avail
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Financial obl
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In the discussion, flexibility in t
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Chapter 2 Overview of the Authority
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2.3. Chemical oceanography - Object
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3. Environmental Impact Assessment
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?? Nodule crushing methods, if any;
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Biological co
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The Secretary-General responded tha
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edeposit on the surrounding seafloo
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1.3. Importance of standardization
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detailed guidelines recommended by
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and “transect physical oceanograp
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eference to seven biological catego
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2.4.1.6. Demersal scavengers It is
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e measured must be specified. I rec
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3.2. Taxonomic standardization I st
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ecological comparisons. Several oth
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that supplied the benthos with ener
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speculate on the rates of recolonis
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Geographical variation Speaking nex
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Knowledge limitations Concluding hi
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on the other hand it turned out tha
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ecolonisation rates. If the area wa
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had been used to look at resediment
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ecover. In the case of the seabed,
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13. International Seabed Authority,
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Chapter 3 Current State of Knowledg
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side. Exploration contractors will
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However, for scientific endeavours
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50-m altitude (i.e., within the bot
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2.4. Biological communities The LTC
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sediment/water interface of each bo
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strata), with sampling on a diel ba
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abyssal seafloor communities 25 sea
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very useful to the design of baseli
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PRESENTATION ON DEEP-SEA ECOSYSTEM
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Most of the seabed macrofauna in th
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the CCFZ. Without understanding lev
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One could also make the opposite ar
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had to be mined each day. Assuming
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There was an increasing appreciatio
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whether the effects were severe in
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collect samples wherever he went in
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Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltsch
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25. C.R. Smith et al (1997), Latitu
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esistance and resilience of seafloo
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other parameters had been recorded
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environment, a conscious effort was
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oceanographic measurements, monitor
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Chapter 4 Priorities for Environmen
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and government organisations have c
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information. On the other hand, the
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contractors (1.5 x 10 6 km 2 ). Dur
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Contractors must carefully optimise
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3.4. Benthic and demersal community
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for environmental characterisation
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4.2.3. Observations of marine mamma
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Local topography exerts significant
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ooze can consist of more than 90% o
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Table 3 Benthic currents in the CCF
Page 157 and 158: 5.3.2. Benthic currents and sedimen
Page 159 and 160: polychaetes and nematodes in the co
Page 161 and 162: from the DOMES sites illustrate thi
Page 163 and 164: 5.5.1.1. Climate The climate is dom
Page 165 and 166: Surface temperatures typically reve
Page 167 and 168: process. With increasing depth, pho
Page 169 and 170: phosphorus. In the oceanic environm
Page 171 and 172: are found at about 40 m, while the
Page 173 and 174: often seen closer to land. The Paci
Page 175 and 176: square kilometres in two different
Page 177 and 178: In closing, Morgan discussed how to
Page 179 and 180: C.L. Morgan, N.A. Odunton and A.T.
Page 181 and 182: 26. Y. Morel and R. LeSuave (1986),
Page 183 and 184: 45. United States Office of Ocean M
Page 185 and 186: 68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. Ibid. 71. T
Page 187 and 188: 300 m deep basins alternating with
Page 189 and 190: in water depths at or close to the
Page 191 and 192: eyond the semi-liquid layer, to whi
Page 193 and 194: 3.3. Modelling long-term propagatio
Page 195 and 196: ) Take two or three cores at each s
Page 197 and 198: facies type, which was affected by
Page 199 and 200: Another useful way to define the to
Page 201 and 202: transport would not take any partic
Page 203 and 204: Use of geological data for environm
Page 205 and 206: Mining of Polymetallic Nodules from
Page 207: About 50 scientists were involved i
Page 211 and 212: econciled with the findings of othe
Page 213 and 214: located at almost every 2-minute in
Page 215 and 216: ?? Geological studies: ?? Bathymetr
Page 217 and 218: the tracks. The range and average o
Page 219 and 220: designed to minimise the plume risi
Page 221 and 222: SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Sediment cond
Page 223 and 224: mining system would remain suspende
Page 225 and 226: design a collector. That device had
Page 227 and 228: ?? For the upper layer environmenta
Page 229 and 230: Figure 1 Survey components of the u
Page 231 and 232: Figure 2. Map of the investigation
Page 233 and 234: 2.4. Sample processing and size cat
Page 235 and 236: Figure 5 Schematic illustration of
Page 237 and 238: JET 3: the field study conducted on
Page 239 and 240: Besides the above, measurements wer
Page 241 and 242: 3.3. Sample processing and size cat
Page 243 and 244: Figure 10. Location of the five FDC
Page 245 and 246: ?? Calculation from discharged sedi
Page 247 and 248: 5. Total mass of dried sediment dis
Page 249 and 250: Figure 14 Thickness contour map of
Page 251 and 252: The use of GIS has many advantages.
Page 253 and 254: than the 200-metre depth distributi
Page 255 and 256: Among the chemical parameters, the
Page 257 and 258: SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Impact of dis
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Mining (Metal Mining Agency of Japa
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Chapter 9 Data Standards Utilised i
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the three major categories of the b
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Various kinds of equipment were bei
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for biological research, but if it
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Asked for an estimate of the microb
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Sibuet agreed with Smith, emphasisi
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Chapter 10 Data Standards Utilised
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2.1.4. High precision depth recorde
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2.2.6. Piston corer ?? Acquiring bo
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2.3.3. Geotechnical properties ?? U
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?? Concentration of cells by settle
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3.3. Zooplankton (protozoan) 3.3.1.
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?? The abundance data from the phot
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4.3. Statistical analysis Kriging w
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Figure 4 Sampling-sites map of KODO
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o Temperature ( C) o 5 N o 6 N o 7
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PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA
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een placed in the experimental bott
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phosphate concentration had been me
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KORDI was having trouble with a 10-
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Other environmental studies Lee sai
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Chapter 11 Data Standards Utilised
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2. Hydrochemical investigations Hyd
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and 5-6 cm. Samples from all layers
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4. Proposals 1. To evaluate environ
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second part of BIE, beginning in 20
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counted and classified into higher
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procedures could be followed for th
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PART III Environmental Parameters N
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a third trap beneath the two that h
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of a nodule-strewn plain, picking u
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Possible impacts on the pelagic com
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Chapter 12 Chemical Oceanography Dr
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To obtain quality data on metals in
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egin right from the start of the ac
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was ambient water. The system teste
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characteristics of sediments in the
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discussed by Dr. Gerald Matisoff (c
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Citing difficulties in measuring sh
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Sediment traps A participant asked
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Commenting on a suggestion to utili
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diversity at the community level. A
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Stuart and Rex 22 have shown that l
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the fauna in these samples. If the
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made up of mountain chains, faultin
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adiated extensively there in many e
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etween shelf and slope adjoined an
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een mined some time before, and con
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Another participant observed that h
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identifying species at various loca
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addition, the multi-corer was being
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20. R.J. Etter and L.S. Mullineaux
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Chapter 15 Seafloor Macrofauna in P
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Figure 2 The plough-harrow. 1. Resu
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deeper sediment and soft, partly re
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Year No. Year Phase 0 1989 Baseline
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uttons on the onboard unit so that
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a stainless steel collar with three
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the majority of samples were obtain
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whirled up into the plume may reset
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to recover (see above) and the comm
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Different methods have been propose
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For the 12 most abundant families o
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area in the southeast Pacific Ocean
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should be treated with a lot of wat
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ack-up camera, had also housed smal
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in 1992 compared to 1989. Seven yea
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distribution of the samples. Anothe
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have reacted similarly by becoming
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Another participant thought that th
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Need for a large-scale experiment A
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3. E.J. Foell, H. Thiel and G. Schr
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22. Detailed description in ibid. 2
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held in Sanya, Hainan Island, Peopl
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1.1. Meiofaunal abundance Some exam
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Central Equatorial Pacific 2° N 44
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Nematode ecological diversity is un
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discrete but morphologically simila
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too difficult to deal with and were
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Institution, had collected 148 spec
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California and the Rockall Trough),
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Another factor supposed to influenc
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shallow water, where nematodes were
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speaking, TNHM had the types for an
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samples every two days. The equipme
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marine nematologist there were 10,0
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core might have worked because the
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16. P.J.D. Lambshead (2001), Marine
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Chapter 17 Pelagic Community Impact
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1.2. Potential phytoplankton impact
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spatial variability. Sampling shoul
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2.6. Zooplankton Depth-stratified s
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helping to achieve consensus among
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One potential impact of discharging
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Consequently, in sampling these reg
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elevated levels of cadmium. It migh
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?? Marine mammals and seabirds: The
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Asked whether the impact would be d
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on some of the mesopelagic fishes.
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9. K.H. Coale (1998), The Galapagos
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PART IV Sampling, Database and Stan
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In the discussion, one participant
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The paper went on to make recommend
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1. Challenges for Developing a Base
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and impact sites were attributed to
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differential response of the commun
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etter assess the spatial extent of
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x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
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Challenges to sampling studies If p
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un. On the other hand, if test mini
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the plume, could be a large area wi
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e needed to elucidate data about do
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and he might be underestimating. An
Page 487 and 488:
Chapter 19 Database Requirements Dr
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• Professional Development and Ma
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model used at the British Museum of
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Agreeing, Rex said the management o
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the importance of including informa
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Environmental concerns The Secretar
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Asking participants for their views
Page 501 and 502:
A participant suggested that echino
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detritus in the oceans. Smith agree
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oceanographer, go to sea with the v
Page 507 and 508:
A participant observed that, by the
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controversial items such as macrofa
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Chapter 21 Standardization Strategi
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have described methods for the stud
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a. Direct impacts along the track o
Page 517 and 518:
3.3.2. Water column As the operatio
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3.6. Applications of environmental
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d. The duration of the operations w
Page 523 and 524:
?? Avoiding the disturbance of the
Page 525 and 526:
information for consideration and a
Page 527 and 528:
?? Total inorganic carbon by coulom
Page 529 and 530:
Table 2 Core sections analyzed for
Page 531 and 532:
4200- 4400 4400- 4600 4600- 4800 48
Page 533 and 534:
Besides their utility for impact as
Page 535 and 536:
Turning to the requirements for fut
Page 537 and 538:
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Size of envir
Page 539 and 540:
Asked whether he thought the result
Page 541 and 542:
2. J. S. Chung and K. Tsurusaki (19
Page 543 and 544:
PART V Conclusions and Recommendati
Page 545 and 546:
Chapter 22 Report of the Workshop T
Page 547 and 548:
identified in square brackets [BB =
Page 549 and 550:
available such information as (1) k
Page 551 and 552:
y the Commission as ISBA/7/LTC/1/Re
Page 553 and 554:
1. Sediment Properties Sediment pro
Page 555 and 556:
Table 2 lists the chemical paramete
Page 557 and 558:
4. Trace metals in benthic and epi-
Page 559 and 560:
The following key parameters should
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enthic boundary layer) to evaluate
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a. Meteorological variables: sea st
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3. A.R. Hiby and P.S. Hammond (1989
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DGPS differential global positionin
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PEIS P-I POC PON PRZ QA/QC RCM RDBM
Page 571 and 572:
Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 573 and 574:
Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 575 and 576:
Area Parameters Instruments Levels
Page 577 and 578:
3b Parameter Variables Methodology
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