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Drawing a comparison with sampling for minerals, a participant said that, as the number of individuals and species diminished, sampling had to increase exponentially. Thus, to assess diversity in one area, the sample would have to be unmanageably large. Rex replied that Dr. Ron Etter would talk more about the kind of sampling design that would work with these levels of density and species diversity (chapter 18 below). He did not think it would be impossible. Scientists were always saying they needed more information to demonstrate one thing or another, and it was correct that increasing sampling intensity would be an uphill struggle. He suggested that the International Seabed Authority think about an intensive programme in one abyssal track that might yield efficient sampling designs. Knowledge acquired in that way would pay off later for everyone, rather than conducting a super-intensive study just to identify the spatial scales needed for adequate sampling in all places. Smith distinguished between two kinds of sampling for deep-sea animals. With quantitative or semi-quantitative sampling, using a box core or multiple core, it was difficult to get large numbers of organisms because of the low densities. A sled sampler dragged over the bottom could not provide quantitative data but it would collect a large number of animals at small cost. For analyses of species ranges, population genetic diversity or population genetic structure, quantitative samples were not needed; qualitative sampling devices such as the sled were easier and cheaper to use. To study dispersion of rare species with few individuals dispersed over a great distance was still a problem but a much smaller one with the sled sampler. As an example, in the abyssal Atlantic a single box core might bring up a couple of hundred individuals, while a single sled sample could bring up 10,000. With that many individuals it was much easier to look at the occurrence of rare species. Another participant thought it should not be difficult for designers to deal with this problem. As people were building fishing nets that excluded turtles, one could easily imagine something that would keep out large nodules and allow the sediment into the nets. He did not think people had sufficiently put their heads to the problem In a further comment on sampling gear, a participant reported good experience with equipping a multi-corer and a box corer with online video so that the researchers could see where their samples were taken. In INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 321
addition, the multi-corer was being modified to take random samples without being brought up to the surface. Notes and References 1. J. Lubchenco et al. (1991), The sustainable biosphere initiative: An ecological research agenda, Ecology 72: 371-412; E.A. Norse (ed.) (1993), Global Marine Biological Diversity: A Strategy for Building Conservation into Decision Making (Island Press, Washington, D.C.), 384 pp.; United States National Research Council, Committee on Biological Diversity in Marine Systems (1995), Understanding Marine Biodiversity: A research agenda for a nation (National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.), 114 pp.; V. H. Heywood (ed.) (1995), Global Biodiversity Assessment (United Nations Environmental Programme, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England), 1140 pp.; G.K. Meffe and C.R. Carroll (1997), Principles of Conservation Biology (2 nd edition, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts), 673 pp. 2. International Seabed Authority (2000), Regulations on prospecting and exploration for polymetallic nodules in the area (ISBA/6/A/18) approved by the Authority on 13 July 2000, Selected Decisions and Documents of the Sixth Session 31-68. 3. J.C. Avise (1994), Molecular Markers, Natural History and Evolution (Chapman and Hall, New York), 511 pp.; J.C. Avise (2000), Phylogeography: The History and Formation of Species (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts), 447 pp. 4. R.J. Etter et al. (1999), A genetic dimension to deep-sea biodiversity, Deep-Sea Research I 46(6): 1095-1099. 5. S.C. France and T.D. Kocher (1996), DNA sequencing of formalin-fixed crustaceans from archival research collections, Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 5(4): 304-313; S.C. France and T.D. Kocher (1996), Geographic and bathymetric patterns of mitochrondrial 16S rRNA sequence divergence among the deep-sea amphipods Eurythenes gryllus, Marine Biology 126: 633-644; T.J.S. Merritt et al. (1998), Universal cytochrome b primers facilitate intraspecific studies in molluscan taxa, Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 7: 7-11; M.C. Chase et al. (1998), Bathymetric patterns of genetic variation in a deep-sea protobranch bivalve, Deminucula atacellana, Marine Biology 131: 301-308; M.C. Chase et al. (1998), Extraction and amplification of mitochondrial DNA from formalin-fixed deep-sea molluscs, BioTechniques 24: 243-247. 6. G.T. Rowe (ed.) (1983), Deep-Sea Biology (The Sea vol. 8, John Wiley & Sons, New York), 560 pp.; J.D. Gage and P.A. Tyler (1991), Deep-Sea Biology: A Natural History of Organisms at the Deep-Sea Floor (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England), 504 pp.; G.T. Rowe and V. Pariente (eds.) (1992), Deep-Sea Food Chains and the Global Carbon Cycle (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands), 400 pp.; C.M. Young and K.J. Eckelbarger (eds.) (1994), Reproduction, Larval Biology, and Recruitment of the Deep-Sea Benthos (Columbia University Press, New York), 336 pp. 322 INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
Page 1 and 2:
STANDARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DA
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The designations employed and the p
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Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chap
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Standardization of Environmental Da
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Foreword Statement by the Secretary
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Participants Mr. Baïdy Diène, Spe
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Dr. Rahul Sharma, Scientist, Nation
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“Necessary measures shall be take
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three working groups, on chemistry
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Some vital procedures are not amena
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(Kingston, Jamaica), 289 pp. The re
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He observed that the Regulations, u
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Dr. Smith reviewed in detail the pr
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Notes and References 1. Internation
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- The Authority must be notified of
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area, but within one or two years e
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- A description of proposed measure
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??It has been previously made avail
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Financial obl
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In the discussion, flexibility in t
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Chapter 2 Overview of the Authority
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2.3. Chemical oceanography - Object
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3. Environmental Impact Assessment
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?? Nodule crushing methods, if any;
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Biological co
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The Secretary-General responded tha
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edeposit on the surrounding seafloo
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1.3. Importance of standardization
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detailed guidelines recommended by
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and “transect physical oceanograp
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eference to seven biological catego
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2.4.1.6. Demersal scavengers It is
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e measured must be specified. I rec
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3.2. Taxonomic standardization I st
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ecological comparisons. Several oth
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that supplied the benthos with ener
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speculate on the rates of recolonis
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Geographical variation Speaking nex
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Knowledge limitations Concluding hi
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on the other hand it turned out tha
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ecolonisation rates. If the area wa
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had been used to look at resediment
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ecover. In the case of the seabed,
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13. International Seabed Authority,
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Chapter 3 Current State of Knowledg
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side. Exploration contractors will
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However, for scientific endeavours
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50-m altitude (i.e., within the bot
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2.4. Biological communities The LTC
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sediment/water interface of each bo
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strata), with sampling on a diel ba
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abyssal seafloor communities 25 sea
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very useful to the design of baseli
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PRESENTATION ON DEEP-SEA ECOSYSTEM
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Most of the seabed macrofauna in th
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the CCFZ. Without understanding lev
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One could also make the opposite ar
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had to be mined each day. Assuming
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There was an increasing appreciatio
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whether the effects were severe in
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collect samples wherever he went in
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Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltsch
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25. C.R. Smith et al (1997), Latitu
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esistance and resilience of seafloo
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other parameters had been recorded
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environment, a conscious effort was
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oceanographic measurements, monitor
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Chapter 4 Priorities for Environmen
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and government organisations have c
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information. On the other hand, the
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contractors (1.5 x 10 6 km 2 ). Dur
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Contractors must carefully optimise
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3.4. Benthic and demersal community
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for environmental characterisation
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4.2.3. Observations of marine mamma
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Local topography exerts significant
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ooze can consist of more than 90% o
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Table 3 Benthic currents in the CCF
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5.3.2. Benthic currents and sedimen
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polychaetes and nematodes in the co
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from the DOMES sites illustrate thi
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5.5.1.1. Climate The climate is dom
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Surface temperatures typically reve
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process. With increasing depth, pho
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phosphorus. In the oceanic environm
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are found at about 40 m, while the
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often seen closer to land. The Paci
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square kilometres in two different
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In closing, Morgan discussed how to
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C.L. Morgan, N.A. Odunton and A.T.
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26. Y. Morel and R. LeSuave (1986),
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45. United States Office of Ocean M
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68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. Ibid. 71. T
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300 m deep basins alternating with
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in water depths at or close to the
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eyond the semi-liquid layer, to whi
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3.3. Modelling long-term propagatio
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) Take two or three cores at each s
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facies type, which was affected by
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Another useful way to define the to
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transport would not take any partic
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Use of geological data for environm
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Mining of Polymetallic Nodules from
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About 50 scientists were involved i
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the programme was to learn the beha
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econciled with the findings of othe
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located at almost every 2-minute in
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?? Geological studies: ?? Bathymetr
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the tracks. The range and average o
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designed to minimise the plume risi
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Sediment cond
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mining system would remain suspende
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design a collector. That device had
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?? For the upper layer environmenta
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Figure 1 Survey components of the u
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Figure 2. Map of the investigation
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2.4. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 5 Schematic illustration of
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JET 3: the field study conducted on
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Besides the above, measurements wer
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3.3. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 10. Location of the five FDC
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?? Calculation from discharged sedi
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5. Total mass of dried sediment dis
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Figure 14 Thickness contour map of
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The use of GIS has many advantages.
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than the 200-metre depth distributi
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Among the chemical parameters, the
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Impact of dis
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Mining (Metal Mining Agency of Japa
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Chapter 9 Data Standards Utilised i
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the three major categories of the b
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Various kinds of equipment were bei
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for biological research, but if it
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Asked for an estimate of the microb
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Sibuet agreed with Smith, emphasisi
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Chapter 10 Data Standards Utilised
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2.1.4. High precision depth recorde
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2.2.6. Piston corer ?? Acquiring bo
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2.3.3. Geotechnical properties ?? U
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?? Concentration of cells by settle
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3.3. Zooplankton (protozoan) 3.3.1.
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?? The abundance data from the phot
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4.3. Statistical analysis Kriging w
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Figure 4 Sampling-sites map of KODO
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o Temperature ( C) o 5 N o 6 N o 7
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PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA
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een placed in the experimental bott
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phosphate concentration had been me
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KORDI was having trouble with a 10-
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Other environmental studies Lee sai
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Chapter 11 Data Standards Utilised
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2. Hydrochemical investigations Hyd
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and 5-6 cm. Samples from all layers
Page 309 and 310: 4. Proposals 1. To evaluate environ
Page 311 and 312: second part of BIE, beginning in 20
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Page 315 and 316: procedures could be followed for th
Page 317 and 318: PART III Environmental Parameters N
Page 319 and 320: a third trap beneath the two that h
Page 321 and 322: of a nodule-strewn plain, picking u
Page 323 and 324: Possible impacts on the pelagic com
Page 325 and 326: Chapter 12 Chemical Oceanography Dr
Page 327 and 328: To obtain quality data on metals in
Page 329 and 330: egin right from the start of the ac
Page 331 and 332: was ambient water. The system teste
Page 333 and 334: characteristics of sediments in the
Page 335 and 336: discussed by Dr. Gerald Matisoff (c
Page 337 and 338: Citing difficulties in measuring sh
Page 339 and 340: Sediment traps A participant asked
Page 341 and 342: Commenting on a suggestion to utili
Page 343 and 344: diversity at the community level. A
Page 345 and 346: Stuart and Rex 22 have shown that l
Page 347 and 348: the fauna in these samples. If the
Page 349 and 350: made up of mountain chains, faultin
Page 351 and 352: adiated extensively there in many e
Page 353 and 354: etween shelf and slope adjoined an
Page 355 and 356: een mined some time before, and con
Page 357 and 358: Another participant observed that h
Page 359: identifying species at various loca
Page 363 and 364: 20. R.J. Etter and L.S. Mullineaux
Page 365 and 366: Chapter 15 Seafloor Macrofauna in P
Page 367 and 368: Figure 2 The plough-harrow. 1. Resu
Page 369 and 370: deeper sediment and soft, partly re
Page 371 and 372: Year No. Year Phase 0 1989 Baseline
Page 373 and 374: uttons on the onboard unit so that
Page 375 and 376: a stainless steel collar with three
Page 377 and 378: the majority of samples were obtain
Page 379 and 380: whirled up into the plume may reset
Page 381 and 382: to recover (see above) and the comm
Page 383 and 384: Different methods have been propose
Page 385 and 386: For the 12 most abundant families o
Page 387 and 388: area in the southeast Pacific Ocean
Page 389 and 390: should be treated with a lot of wat
Page 391 and 392: ack-up camera, had also housed smal
Page 393 and 394: in 1992 compared to 1989. Seven yea
Page 395 and 396: distribution of the samples. Anothe
Page 397 and 398: have reacted similarly by becoming
Page 399 and 400: Another participant thought that th
Page 401 and 402: Need for a large-scale experiment A
Page 403 and 404: 3. E.J. Foell, H. Thiel and G. Schr
Page 405 and 406: 22. Detailed description in ibid. 2
Page 407 and 408: held in Sanya, Hainan Island, Peopl
Page 409 and 410: 1.1. Meiofaunal abundance Some exam
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Central Equatorial Pacific 2° N 44
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Nematode ecological diversity is un
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discrete but morphologically simila
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too difficult to deal with and were
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Institution, had collected 148 spec
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California and the Rockall Trough),
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Another factor supposed to influenc
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shallow water, where nematodes were
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speaking, TNHM had the types for an
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samples every two days. The equipme
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marine nematologist there were 10,0
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core might have worked because the
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16. P.J.D. Lambshead (2001), Marine
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Chapter 17 Pelagic Community Impact
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1.2. Potential phytoplankton impact
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spatial variability. Sampling shoul
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2.6. Zooplankton Depth-stratified s
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helping to achieve consensus among
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One potential impact of discharging
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Consequently, in sampling these reg
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elevated levels of cadmium. It migh
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?? Marine mammals and seabirds: The
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Asked whether the impact would be d
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on some of the mesopelagic fishes.
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9. K.H. Coale (1998), The Galapagos
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PART IV Sampling, Database and Stan
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In the discussion, one participant
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The paper went on to make recommend
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1. Challenges for Developing a Base
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and impact sites were attributed to
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differential response of the commun
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etter assess the spatial extent of
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x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
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Challenges to sampling studies If p
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un. On the other hand, if test mini
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the plume, could be a large area wi
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e needed to elucidate data about do
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and he might be underestimating. An
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Chapter 19 Database Requirements Dr
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• Professional Development and Ma
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model used at the British Museum of
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Agreeing, Rex said the management o
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the importance of including informa
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Environmental concerns The Secretar
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Asking participants for their views
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A participant suggested that echino
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detritus in the oceans. Smith agree
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oceanographer, go to sea with the v
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A participant observed that, by the
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controversial items such as macrofa
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Chapter 21 Standardization Strategi
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have described methods for the stud
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a. Direct impacts along the track o
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3.3.2. Water column As the operatio
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3.6. Applications of environmental
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d. The duration of the operations w
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?? Avoiding the disturbance of the
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information for consideration and a
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?? Total inorganic carbon by coulom
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Table 2 Core sections analyzed for
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4200- 4400 4400- 4600 4600- 4800 48
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Besides their utility for impact as
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Turning to the requirements for fut
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Size of envir
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Asked whether he thought the result
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2. J. S. Chung and K. Tsurusaki (19
Page 543 and 544:
PART V Conclusions and Recommendati
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Chapter 22 Report of the Workshop T
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identified in square brackets [BB =
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available such information as (1) k
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y the Commission as ISBA/7/LTC/1/Re
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1. Sediment Properties Sediment pro
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Table 2 lists the chemical paramete
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4. Trace metals in benthic and epi-
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The following key parameters should
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enthic boundary layer) to evaluate
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a. Meteorological variables: sea st
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3. A.R. Hiby and P.S. Hammond (1989
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DGPS differential global positionin
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PEIS P-I POC PON PRZ QA/QC RCM RDBM
Page 571 and 572:
Discipline Category Parameter Metho
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Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 575 and 576:
Area Parameters Instruments Levels
Page 577 and 578:
3b Parameter Variables Methodology
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