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28. B.C. Coull. and G.T. Chandler (1992), Meiofauna and pollution: Field, laboratory and mesocosm studies, Oceanography & Marine Biology Annual Reviews 30: 191-271. 29. H.M. Platt and R.M. Warwick (1983-1998), Freeliving Marine Nematodes, 3 vol. (Synopses of the British fauna, new series 28, 38, 53, published for the Linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association): part I, British enoplids (Cambridge University Press, England, 1983), 307 pp.; part II, British chromadorids (E.J. Brill / W. Backhuys, Leiden, Netherlands, 1988), 502 pp.; part III (with P.J. Somerfield), Monhysterids (Field Studies Council, Shrewsbury, England, 1998), 296 pp. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 397
Chapter 17 Pelagic Community Impacts and their Assessment Dr. J. Anthony Koslow, Research Scientist, CSIRO Marine Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia The mining of polymetallic nodules on the high seas has the potential to impact vast areas, both on the seafloor and in the water column. Potentially exploitable deposits of polymetallic nodules are found over large expanses of the abyssal Pacific and Indian Oceans 1 . A key area of commercial interest, the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ), is situated in the North Pacific Ocean between Mexico and Hawaii, in a region that appears to lie between the highly oligotrophic North Pacific tropical gyre and the more productive North Pacific Equatorial Countercurrent / eastern tropical Pacific regions 2 . The plankton in this region, particularly of the tropical gyre, is characterized as having high diversity and stability and being remote from terrestrial influences 3 . Weak seasonality is observed in both regions. Interannual variability may be as great or greater than seasonal variability, as seen from the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) investigations 4 . Seasonality in the two regions differs: higher productivity is observed in winter in the central gyre but in spring and autumn in the countercurrent region 5 . The zooplankton communities are considered “climax” communities, based on the considerable age of these mid-ocean ecosystems, their stability and lack of disturbance. There is little basis on which to project the likely impact of mining operations. Deep-sea nodule mining may be anticipated to transport considerable sediment and deep water to the surface mining vessel: an estimated 7,400 tons of sediment and 34,560 cubic metres of water per day 6 . If discharged at the surface, this would likely have a substantial impact on the pelagic ecosystem, based on the flux of nutrient into oligotrophic water and the influence of sediment on light penetration, tracemetal concentrations and the feeding of planktonic suspension feeders 7 . It was therefore agreed at the 1998 Workshop of the International Seabed Authority in Sanya, China, on environmental guidelines for deep-seabed polymetallic exploration, that discharge should be below 200 m, the approximate depth of the epipelagic zone, and if possible, deeper than 1000 m, below the oxygen-minimum zone and the depth of vertical migration for much of the fauna within the upper pelagic zone 8 . I assume in this paper that this deep-discharge recommendation will be followed to 398 INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
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STANDARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DA
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The designations employed and the p
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Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chap
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Standardization of Environmental Da
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Foreword Statement by the Secretary
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Participants Mr. Baïdy Diène, Spe
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Dr. Rahul Sharma, Scientist, Nation
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“Necessary measures shall be take
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three working groups, on chemistry
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Some vital procedures are not amena
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(Kingston, Jamaica), 289 pp. The re
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He observed that the Regulations, u
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Dr. Smith reviewed in detail the pr
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Notes and References 1. Internation
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- The Authority must be notified of
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area, but within one or two years e
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- A description of proposed measure
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??It has been previously made avail
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Financial obl
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In the discussion, flexibility in t
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Chapter 2 Overview of the Authority
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2.3. Chemical oceanography - Object
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3. Environmental Impact Assessment
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?? Nodule crushing methods, if any;
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Biological co
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The Secretary-General responded tha
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edeposit on the surrounding seafloo
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1.3. Importance of standardization
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detailed guidelines recommended by
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and “transect physical oceanograp
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eference to seven biological catego
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2.4.1.6. Demersal scavengers It is
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e measured must be specified. I rec
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3.2. Taxonomic standardization I st
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ecological comparisons. Several oth
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that supplied the benthos with ener
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speculate on the rates of recolonis
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Geographical variation Speaking nex
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Knowledge limitations Concluding hi
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on the other hand it turned out tha
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ecolonisation rates. If the area wa
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had been used to look at resediment
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ecover. In the case of the seabed,
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13. International Seabed Authority,
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Chapter 3 Current State of Knowledg
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side. Exploration contractors will
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However, for scientific endeavours
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50-m altitude (i.e., within the bot
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2.4. Biological communities The LTC
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sediment/water interface of each bo
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strata), with sampling on a diel ba
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abyssal seafloor communities 25 sea
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very useful to the design of baseli
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PRESENTATION ON DEEP-SEA ECOSYSTEM
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Most of the seabed macrofauna in th
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the CCFZ. Without understanding lev
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One could also make the opposite ar
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had to be mined each day. Assuming
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There was an increasing appreciatio
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whether the effects were severe in
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collect samples wherever he went in
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Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltsch
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25. C.R. Smith et al (1997), Latitu
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esistance and resilience of seafloo
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other parameters had been recorded
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environment, a conscious effort was
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oceanographic measurements, monitor
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Chapter 4 Priorities for Environmen
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and government organisations have c
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information. On the other hand, the
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contractors (1.5 x 10 6 km 2 ). Dur
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Contractors must carefully optimise
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3.4. Benthic and demersal community
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for environmental characterisation
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4.2.3. Observations of marine mamma
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Local topography exerts significant
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ooze can consist of more than 90% o
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Table 3 Benthic currents in the CCF
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5.3.2. Benthic currents and sedimen
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polychaetes and nematodes in the co
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from the DOMES sites illustrate thi
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5.5.1.1. Climate The climate is dom
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Surface temperatures typically reve
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process. With increasing depth, pho
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phosphorus. In the oceanic environm
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are found at about 40 m, while the
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often seen closer to land. The Paci
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square kilometres in two different
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In closing, Morgan discussed how to
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C.L. Morgan, N.A. Odunton and A.T.
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26. Y. Morel and R. LeSuave (1986),
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45. United States Office of Ocean M
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68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. Ibid. 71. T
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300 m deep basins alternating with
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in water depths at or close to the
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eyond the semi-liquid layer, to whi
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3.3. Modelling long-term propagatio
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) Take two or three cores at each s
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facies type, which was affected by
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Another useful way to define the to
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transport would not take any partic
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Use of geological data for environm
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Mining of Polymetallic Nodules from
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About 50 scientists were involved i
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the programme was to learn the beha
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econciled with the findings of othe
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located at almost every 2-minute in
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?? Geological studies: ?? Bathymetr
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the tracks. The range and average o
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designed to minimise the plume risi
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Sediment cond
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mining system would remain suspende
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design a collector. That device had
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?? For the upper layer environmenta
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Figure 1 Survey components of the u
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Figure 2. Map of the investigation
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2.4. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 5 Schematic illustration of
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JET 3: the field study conducted on
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Besides the above, measurements wer
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3.3. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 10. Location of the five FDC
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?? Calculation from discharged sedi
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5. Total mass of dried sediment dis
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Figure 14 Thickness contour map of
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The use of GIS has many advantages.
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than the 200-metre depth distributi
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Among the chemical parameters, the
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Impact of dis
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Mining (Metal Mining Agency of Japa
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Chapter 9 Data Standards Utilised i
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the three major categories of the b
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Various kinds of equipment were bei
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for biological research, but if it
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Asked for an estimate of the microb
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Sibuet agreed with Smith, emphasisi
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Chapter 10 Data Standards Utilised
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2.1.4. High precision depth recorde
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2.2.6. Piston corer ?? Acquiring bo
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2.3.3. Geotechnical properties ?? U
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?? Concentration of cells by settle
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3.3. Zooplankton (protozoan) 3.3.1.
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?? The abundance data from the phot
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4.3. Statistical analysis Kriging w
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Figure 4 Sampling-sites map of KODO
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o Temperature ( C) o 5 N o 6 N o 7
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PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA
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een placed in the experimental bott
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phosphate concentration had been me
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KORDI was having trouble with a 10-
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Other environmental studies Lee sai
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Chapter 11 Data Standards Utilised
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2. Hydrochemical investigations Hyd
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and 5-6 cm. Samples from all layers
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4. Proposals 1. To evaluate environ
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second part of BIE, beginning in 20
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counted and classified into higher
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procedures could be followed for th
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PART III Environmental Parameters N
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a third trap beneath the two that h
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of a nodule-strewn plain, picking u
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Possible impacts on the pelagic com
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Chapter 12 Chemical Oceanography Dr
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To obtain quality data on metals in
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egin right from the start of the ac
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was ambient water. The system teste
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characteristics of sediments in the
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discussed by Dr. Gerald Matisoff (c
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Citing difficulties in measuring sh
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Sediment traps A participant asked
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Commenting on a suggestion to utili
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diversity at the community level. A
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Stuart and Rex 22 have shown that l
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the fauna in these samples. If the
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made up of mountain chains, faultin
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adiated extensively there in many e
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etween shelf and slope adjoined an
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een mined some time before, and con
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Another participant observed that h
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identifying species at various loca
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addition, the multi-corer was being
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20. R.J. Etter and L.S. Mullineaux
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Chapter 15 Seafloor Macrofauna in P
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Figure 2 The plough-harrow. 1. Resu
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deeper sediment and soft, partly re
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Year No. Year Phase 0 1989 Baseline
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uttons on the onboard unit so that
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a stainless steel collar with three
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the majority of samples were obtain
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whirled up into the plume may reset
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to recover (see above) and the comm
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Different methods have been propose
Page 385 and 386: For the 12 most abundant families o
Page 387 and 388: area in the southeast Pacific Ocean
Page 389 and 390: should be treated with a lot of wat
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Page 393 and 394: in 1992 compared to 1989. Seven yea
Page 395 and 396: distribution of the samples. Anothe
Page 397 and 398: have reacted similarly by becoming
Page 399 and 400: Another participant thought that th
Page 401 and 402: Need for a large-scale experiment A
Page 403 and 404: 3. E.J. Foell, H. Thiel and G. Schr
Page 405 and 406: 22. Detailed description in ibid. 2
Page 407 and 408: held in Sanya, Hainan Island, Peopl
Page 409 and 410: 1.1. Meiofaunal abundance Some exam
Page 411 and 412: Central Equatorial Pacific 2° N 44
Page 413 and 414: Nematode ecological diversity is un
Page 415 and 416: discrete but morphologically simila
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Page 423 and 424: Another factor supposed to influenc
Page 425 and 426: shallow water, where nematodes were
Page 427 and 428: speaking, TNHM had the types for an
Page 429 and 430: samples every two days. The equipme
Page 431 and 432: marine nematologist there were 10,0
Page 433 and 434: core might have worked because the
Page 435: 16. P.J.D. Lambshead (2001), Marine
Page 439 and 440: 1.2. Potential phytoplankton impact
Page 441 and 442: spatial variability. Sampling shoul
Page 443 and 444: 2.6. Zooplankton Depth-stratified s
Page 445 and 446: helping to achieve consensus among
Page 447 and 448: One potential impact of discharging
Page 449 and 450: Consequently, in sampling these reg
Page 451 and 452: elevated levels of cadmium. It migh
Page 453 and 454: ?? Marine mammals and seabirds: The
Page 455 and 456: Asked whether the impact would be d
Page 457 and 458: on some of the mesopelagic fishes.
Page 459 and 460: 9. K.H. Coale (1998), The Galapagos
Page 461 and 462: PART IV Sampling, Database and Stan
Page 463 and 464: In the discussion, one participant
Page 465 and 466: The paper went on to make recommend
Page 467 and 468: 1. Challenges for Developing a Base
Page 469 and 470: and impact sites were attributed to
Page 471 and 472: differential response of the commun
Page 473 and 474: etter assess the spatial extent of
Page 475 and 476: x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Page 477 and 478: Challenges to sampling studies If p
Page 479 and 480: un. On the other hand, if test mini
Page 481 and 482: the plume, could be a large area wi
Page 483 and 484: e needed to elucidate data about do
Page 485 and 486: and he might be underestimating. An
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Chapter 19 Database Requirements Dr
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• Professional Development and Ma
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model used at the British Museum of
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Agreeing, Rex said the management o
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the importance of including informa
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Environmental concerns The Secretar
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Asking participants for their views
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A participant suggested that echino
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detritus in the oceans. Smith agree
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oceanographer, go to sea with the v
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A participant observed that, by the
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controversial items such as macrofa
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Chapter 21 Standardization Strategi
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have described methods for the stud
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a. Direct impacts along the track o
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3.3.2. Water column As the operatio
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3.6. Applications of environmental
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d. The duration of the operations w
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?? Avoiding the disturbance of the
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information for consideration and a
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?? Total inorganic carbon by coulom
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Table 2 Core sections analyzed for
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4200- 4400 4400- 4600 4600- 4800 48
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Besides their utility for impact as
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Turning to the requirements for fut
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Size of envir
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Asked whether he thought the result
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2. J. S. Chung and K. Tsurusaki (19
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PART V Conclusions and Recommendati
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Chapter 22 Report of the Workshop T
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identified in square brackets [BB =
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available such information as (1) k
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y the Commission as ISBA/7/LTC/1/Re
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1. Sediment Properties Sediment pro
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Table 2 lists the chemical paramete
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4. Trace metals in benthic and epi-
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The following key parameters should
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enthic boundary layer) to evaluate
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a. Meteorological variables: sea st
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3. A.R. Hiby and P.S. Hammond (1989
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DGPS differential global positionin
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PEIS P-I POC PON PRZ QA/QC RCM RDBM
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Discipline Category Parameter Metho
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Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 575 and 576:
Area Parameters Instruments Levels
Page 577 and 578:
3b Parameter Variables Methodology
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