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Environmental monitoring: When? Some participants felt that environmental research should be confined at this stage to baseline studies on a limited scale. Broader studies and impact assessments were premature, they argued, since there was no way to predict exactly where mining would occur or what type of equipment would be used. In the meantime, researchers should concentrate on basic studies of deep-sea life, about which little was known. Several participants saw an opportunity in the fact that commercial mining, and even the testing of equipment, might be delayed for at least a decade or two. The interval could be used for thorough environmental studies which, several speakers noted, could take up to 8 or 12 years. The need for more time to assess long-term effects of mining-like disturbances was borne out by the conclusions of studies in the Central Pacific showing that animal populations in disturbed areas had not returned to normal by the time the studies ended seven years after the disturbances. A theoretical model of sampling design, presented to the Workshop, indicated that samples would have to be taken for eight years if the results were to be trusted. Under these circumstances, participants argued, large-scale environmental studies must begin as soon as possible if enough environmental information is to be gathered by the time commercial mining begins. Notes and References 1. United Nations Office of Legal Affairs, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea (1997), The Law of the Sea: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (United Nations, New York), 294 pp. 2. International Seabed Authority (2000), Regulations on prospecting and exploration for polymetallic nodules in the area (ISBA/6/A/18), Selected Decisions and Documents of the Sixth Session 31-68. 3. International Seabed Authority, Legal and Technical Commission, Recommendations for the guidance of the contractors for the assessment of the possible environmental impacts arising from exploration for polymetallic nodules in the Area (ISBA/7/LTC/1), 10 April 2001. 4. Deep-Seabed Polymetallic Nodule Exploration: Development of Environmental Guidelines (1999), Proceedings of the International Seabed Authority’s Workshop held in Sanya, Hainan Island, People’s Republic of China (1-5 June 1998), ISA INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 19
(Kingston, Jamaica), 289 pp. The recommended guidelines are in chapter 9, pp. 219-239. 5. International Seabed Authority, Legal and Technical Commission, Recommendations for the guidance of the contractors for the assessment of the possible environmental impacts arising from exploration for polymetallic nodules in the Area (ISBA/7/LTC/1/Rev.1), 10 July 2001. On 12 July 2001, the ISA Council deferred consideration of the recommendations until its eighth session (August 2002). 6. A. Knap et al. (eds.) (1996), Protocols for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) Core Measurements (JGOFS report 19), vi+170 pp. (reprint of IOC Manuals and Guides 29 [United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1994]). 20 INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
Page 1 and 2: STANDARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DA
Page 3 and 4: The designations employed and the p
Page 5 and 6: Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chap
Page 7 and 8: Standardization of Environmental Da
Page 9 and 10: Foreword Statement by the Secretary
Page 11 and 12: Participants Mr. Baïdy Diène, Spe
Page 13 and 14: Dr. Rahul Sharma, Scientist, Nation
Page 15 and 16: “Necessary measures shall be take
Page 17 and 18: three working groups, on chemistry
Page 19: Some vital procedures are not amena
Page 23 and 24: He observed that the Regulations, u
Page 25 and 26: Dr. Smith reviewed in detail the pr
Page 27 and 28: Notes and References 1. Internation
Page 29 and 30: - The Authority must be notified of
Page 31 and 32: area, but within one or two years e
Page 33 and 34: - A description of proposed measure
Page 35 and 36: ??It has been previously made avail
Page 37 and 38: SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Financial obl
Page 39 and 40: In the discussion, flexibility in t
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 2 Overview of the Authority
Page 43 and 44: 2.3. Chemical oceanography - Object
Page 45 and 46: 3. Environmental Impact Assessment
Page 47 and 48: ?? Nodule crushing methods, if any;
Page 49 and 50: SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Biological co
Page 51 and 52: The Secretary-General responded tha
Page 53 and 54: edeposit on the surrounding seafloo
Page 55 and 56: 1.3. Importance of standardization
Page 57 and 58: detailed guidelines recommended by
Page 59 and 60: and “transect physical oceanograp
Page 61 and 62: eference to seven biological catego
Page 63 and 64: 2.4.1.6. Demersal scavengers It is
Page 65 and 66: e measured must be specified. I rec
Page 67 and 68: 3.2. Taxonomic standardization I st
Page 69 and 70: ecological comparisons. Several oth
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that supplied the benthos with ener
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speculate on the rates of recolonis
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Geographical variation Speaking nex
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Knowledge limitations Concluding hi
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on the other hand it turned out tha
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ecolonisation rates. If the area wa
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had been used to look at resediment
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ecover. In the case of the seabed,
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13. International Seabed Authority,
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Chapter 3 Current State of Knowledg
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side. Exploration contractors will
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However, for scientific endeavours
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50-m altitude (i.e., within the bot
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2.4. Biological communities The LTC
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sediment/water interface of each bo
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strata), with sampling on a diel ba
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abyssal seafloor communities 25 sea
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very useful to the design of baseli
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PRESENTATION ON DEEP-SEA ECOSYSTEM
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Most of the seabed macrofauna in th
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the CCFZ. Without understanding lev
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One could also make the opposite ar
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had to be mined each day. Assuming
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There was an increasing appreciatio
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whether the effects were severe in
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collect samples wherever he went in
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Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltsch
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25. C.R. Smith et al (1997), Latitu
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esistance and resilience of seafloo
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other parameters had been recorded
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environment, a conscious effort was
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oceanographic measurements, monitor
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Chapter 4 Priorities for Environmen
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and government organisations have c
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information. On the other hand, the
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contractors (1.5 x 10 6 km 2 ). Dur
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Contractors must carefully optimise
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3.4. Benthic and demersal community
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for environmental characterisation
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4.2.3. Observations of marine mamma
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Local topography exerts significant
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ooze can consist of more than 90% o
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Table 3 Benthic currents in the CCF
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5.3.2. Benthic currents and sedimen
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polychaetes and nematodes in the co
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from the DOMES sites illustrate thi
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5.5.1.1. Climate The climate is dom
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Surface temperatures typically reve
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process. With increasing depth, pho
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phosphorus. In the oceanic environm
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are found at about 40 m, while the
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often seen closer to land. The Paci
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square kilometres in two different
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In closing, Morgan discussed how to
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C.L. Morgan, N.A. Odunton and A.T.
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26. Y. Morel and R. LeSuave (1986),
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45. United States Office of Ocean M
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68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. Ibid. 71. T
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300 m deep basins alternating with
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in water depths at or close to the
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eyond the semi-liquid layer, to whi
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3.3. Modelling long-term propagatio
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) Take two or three cores at each s
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facies type, which was affected by
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Another useful way to define the to
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transport would not take any partic
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Use of geological data for environm
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Mining of Polymetallic Nodules from
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About 50 scientists were involved i
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the programme was to learn the beha
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econciled with the findings of othe
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located at almost every 2-minute in
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?? Geological studies: ?? Bathymetr
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the tracks. The range and average o
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designed to minimise the plume risi
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Sediment cond
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mining system would remain suspende
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design a collector. That device had
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?? For the upper layer environmenta
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Figure 1 Survey components of the u
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Figure 2. Map of the investigation
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2.4. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 5 Schematic illustration of
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JET 3: the field study conducted on
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Besides the above, measurements wer
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3.3. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 10. Location of the five FDC
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?? Calculation from discharged sedi
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5. Total mass of dried sediment dis
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Figure 14 Thickness contour map of
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The use of GIS has many advantages.
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than the 200-metre depth distributi
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Among the chemical parameters, the
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Impact of dis
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Mining (Metal Mining Agency of Japa
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Chapter 9 Data Standards Utilised i
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the three major categories of the b
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Various kinds of equipment were bei
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for biological research, but if it
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Asked for an estimate of the microb
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Sibuet agreed with Smith, emphasisi
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Chapter 10 Data Standards Utilised
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2.1.4. High precision depth recorde
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2.2.6. Piston corer ?? Acquiring bo
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2.3.3. Geotechnical properties ?? U
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?? Concentration of cells by settle
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3.3. Zooplankton (protozoan) 3.3.1.
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?? The abundance data from the phot
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4.3. Statistical analysis Kriging w
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Figure 4 Sampling-sites map of KODO
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o Temperature ( C) o 5 N o 6 N o 7
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PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA
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een placed in the experimental bott
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phosphate concentration had been me
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KORDI was having trouble with a 10-
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Other environmental studies Lee sai
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Chapter 11 Data Standards Utilised
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2. Hydrochemical investigations Hyd
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and 5-6 cm. Samples from all layers
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4. Proposals 1. To evaluate environ
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second part of BIE, beginning in 20
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counted and classified into higher
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procedures could be followed for th
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PART III Environmental Parameters N
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a third trap beneath the two that h
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of a nodule-strewn plain, picking u
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Possible impacts on the pelagic com
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Chapter 12 Chemical Oceanography Dr
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To obtain quality data on metals in
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egin right from the start of the ac
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was ambient water. The system teste
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characteristics of sediments in the
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discussed by Dr. Gerald Matisoff (c
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Citing difficulties in measuring sh
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Sediment traps A participant asked
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Commenting on a suggestion to utili
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diversity at the community level. A
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Stuart and Rex 22 have shown that l
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the fauna in these samples. If the
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made up of mountain chains, faultin
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adiated extensively there in many e
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etween shelf and slope adjoined an
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een mined some time before, and con
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Another participant observed that h
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identifying species at various loca
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addition, the multi-corer was being
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20. R.J. Etter and L.S. Mullineaux
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Chapter 15 Seafloor Macrofauna in P
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Figure 2 The plough-harrow. 1. Resu
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deeper sediment and soft, partly re
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Year No. Year Phase 0 1989 Baseline
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uttons on the onboard unit so that
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a stainless steel collar with three
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the majority of samples were obtain
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whirled up into the plume may reset
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to recover (see above) and the comm
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Different methods have been propose
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For the 12 most abundant families o
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area in the southeast Pacific Ocean
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should be treated with a lot of wat
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ack-up camera, had also housed smal
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in 1992 compared to 1989. Seven yea
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distribution of the samples. Anothe
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have reacted similarly by becoming
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Another participant thought that th
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Need for a large-scale experiment A
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3. E.J. Foell, H. Thiel and G. Schr
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22. Detailed description in ibid. 2
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held in Sanya, Hainan Island, Peopl
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1.1. Meiofaunal abundance Some exam
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Central Equatorial Pacific 2° N 44
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Nematode ecological diversity is un
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discrete but morphologically simila
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too difficult to deal with and were
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Institution, had collected 148 spec
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California and the Rockall Trough),
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Another factor supposed to influenc
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shallow water, where nematodes were
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speaking, TNHM had the types for an
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samples every two days. The equipme
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marine nematologist there were 10,0
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core might have worked because the
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16. P.J.D. Lambshead (2001), Marine
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Chapter 17 Pelagic Community Impact
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1.2. Potential phytoplankton impact
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spatial variability. Sampling shoul
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2.6. Zooplankton Depth-stratified s
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helping to achieve consensus among
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One potential impact of discharging
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Consequently, in sampling these reg
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elevated levels of cadmium. It migh
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?? Marine mammals and seabirds: The
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Asked whether the impact would be d
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on some of the mesopelagic fishes.
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9. K.H. Coale (1998), The Galapagos
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PART IV Sampling, Database and Stan
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In the discussion, one participant
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The paper went on to make recommend
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1. Challenges for Developing a Base
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and impact sites were attributed to
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differential response of the commun
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etter assess the spatial extent of
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x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
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Challenges to sampling studies If p
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un. On the other hand, if test mini
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the plume, could be a large area wi
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e needed to elucidate data about do
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and he might be underestimating. An
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Chapter 19 Database Requirements Dr
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• Professional Development and Ma
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model used at the British Museum of
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Agreeing, Rex said the management o
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the importance of including informa
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Environmental concerns The Secretar
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Asking participants for their views
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A participant suggested that echino
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detritus in the oceans. Smith agree
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oceanographer, go to sea with the v
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A participant observed that, by the
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controversial items such as macrofa
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Chapter 21 Standardization Strategi
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have described methods for the stud
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a. Direct impacts along the track o
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3.3.2. Water column As the operatio
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3.6. Applications of environmental
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d. The duration of the operations w
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?? Avoiding the disturbance of the
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information for consideration and a
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?? Total inorganic carbon by coulom
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Table 2 Core sections analyzed for
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4200- 4400 4400- 4600 4600- 4800 48
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Besides their utility for impact as
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Turning to the requirements for fut
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Size of envir
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Asked whether he thought the result
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2. J. S. Chung and K. Tsurusaki (19
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PART V Conclusions and Recommendati
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Chapter 22 Report of the Workshop T
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identified in square brackets [BB =
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available such information as (1) k
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y the Commission as ISBA/7/LTC/1/Re
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1. Sediment Properties Sediment pro
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Table 2 lists the chemical paramete
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4. Trace metals in benthic and epi-
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The following key parameters should
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enthic boundary layer) to evaluate
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a. Meteorological variables: sea st
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3. A.R. Hiby and P.S. Hammond (1989
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DGPS differential global positionin
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PEIS P-I POC PON PRZ QA/QC RCM RDBM
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Discipline Category Parameter Metho
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Discipline Category Parameter Metho
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Area Parameters Instruments Levels
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3b Parameter Variables Methodology
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