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community would be needed to increase the knowledge of ecosystems and provide a sound basis for decisions. As rapid development of mining was not foreseen, there was still time to advance such knowledge so that, for example, a better choice could be made about depth of discharge of the mining plume. Reference 1. International Seabed Authority (2000), Regulations on prospecting and exploration for polymetallic nodules in the area (ISBA/6/A/18), Selected Decisions and Documents of the Sixth Session 31-68. 39 INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
Chapter 2 Overview of the Authority’s Regulations and Recommendations to Ensure the Effective Protection of the Marine Environment from Harmful Effects That May Arise from Activities in the Area Mr. Jean-Pierre Lenoble Member of Legal and Technical Commission (ISA), France SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION The Legal and Technical Commission (LTC) of the International Seabed Authority is in the process of elaborating a document called “Draft recommendations for the guidance of the contractors for the assessment of the possible environmental impacts arising from exploration for polymetallic nodules in the Area” 1 . This working document, formerly called guidelines for contractors, has arisen from the work done at the 1998 Workshop held by the Authority at Sanya, China, on the development of environmental guidelines for deep-seabed polymetallic nodule exploration in the area of the seabed beyond national jurisdiction 2 . The Commission has reconsidered this paper in light of the Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration of Polymetallic Nodules in the Area, adopted by the Authority on 13 July 2000 3 (discussed in chapter 1 above). The LTC proposes to present to the Council at its seventh session in July 2001 a revised paper that will take into account the results of the present Workshop. 1. Scope The recommendations for contractors consist of three elements: - Environmental baseline studies, - Environmental impact assessment during exploration, - A monitoring programme during and after activities that have potential for causing harmful effects on the marine environment. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 40
Page 1 and 2: STANDARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DA
Page 3 and 4: The designations employed and the p
Page 5 and 6: Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chap
Page 7 and 8: Standardization of Environmental Da
Page 9 and 10: Foreword Statement by the Secretary
Page 11 and 12: Participants Mr. Baïdy Diène, Spe
Page 13 and 14: Dr. Rahul Sharma, Scientist, Nation
Page 15 and 16: “Necessary measures shall be take
Page 17 and 18: three working groups, on chemistry
Page 19 and 20: Some vital procedures are not amena
Page 21 and 22: (Kingston, Jamaica), 289 pp. The re
Page 23 and 24: He observed that the Regulations, u
Page 25 and 26: Dr. Smith reviewed in detail the pr
Page 27 and 28: Notes and References 1. Internation
Page 29 and 30: - The Authority must be notified of
Page 31 and 32: area, but within one or two years e
Page 33 and 34: - A description of proposed measure
Page 35 and 36: ??It has been previously made avail
Page 37 and 38: SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Financial obl
Page 39: In the discussion, flexibility in t
Page 43 and 44: 2.3. Chemical oceanography - Object
Page 45 and 46: 3. Environmental Impact Assessment
Page 47 and 48: ?? Nodule crushing methods, if any;
Page 49 and 50: SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Biological co
Page 51 and 52: The Secretary-General responded tha
Page 53 and 54: edeposit on the surrounding seafloo
Page 55 and 56: 1.3. Importance of standardization
Page 57 and 58: detailed guidelines recommended by
Page 59 and 60: and “transect physical oceanograp
Page 61 and 62: eference to seven biological catego
Page 63 and 64: 2.4.1.6. Demersal scavengers It is
Page 65 and 66: e measured must be specified. I rec
Page 67 and 68: 3.2. Taxonomic standardization I st
Page 69 and 70: ecological comparisons. Several oth
Page 71 and 72: that supplied the benthos with ener
Page 73 and 74: speculate on the rates of recolonis
Page 75 and 76: Geographical variation Speaking nex
Page 77 and 78: Knowledge limitations Concluding hi
Page 79 and 80: on the other hand it turned out tha
Page 81 and 82: ecolonisation rates. If the area wa
Page 83 and 84: had been used to look at resediment
Page 85 and 86: ecover. In the case of the seabed,
Page 87 and 88: 13. International Seabed Authority,
Page 89 and 90: Chapter 3 Current State of Knowledg
Page 91 and 92:
side. Exploration contractors will
Page 93 and 94:
However, for scientific endeavours
Page 95 and 96:
50-m altitude (i.e., within the bot
Page 97 and 98:
2.4. Biological communities The LTC
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sediment/water interface of each bo
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strata), with sampling on a diel ba
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abyssal seafloor communities 25 sea
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very useful to the design of baseli
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PRESENTATION ON DEEP-SEA ECOSYSTEM
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Most of the seabed macrofauna in th
Page 111 and 112:
the CCFZ. Without understanding lev
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One could also make the opposite ar
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had to be mined each day. Assuming
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There was an increasing appreciatio
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whether the effects were severe in
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collect samples wherever he went in
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Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltsch
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25. C.R. Smith et al (1997), Latitu
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esistance and resilience of seafloo
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other parameters had been recorded
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environment, a conscious effort was
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oceanographic measurements, monitor
Page 135 and 136:
Chapter 4 Priorities for Environmen
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and government organisations have c
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information. On the other hand, the
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contractors (1.5 x 10 6 km 2 ). Dur
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Contractors must carefully optimise
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3.4. Benthic and demersal community
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for environmental characterisation
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4.2.3. Observations of marine mamma
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Local topography exerts significant
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ooze can consist of more than 90% o
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Table 3 Benthic currents in the CCF
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5.3.2. Benthic currents and sedimen
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polychaetes and nematodes in the co
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from the DOMES sites illustrate thi
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5.5.1.1. Climate The climate is dom
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Surface temperatures typically reve
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process. With increasing depth, pho
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phosphorus. In the oceanic environm
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are found at about 40 m, while the
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often seen closer to land. The Paci
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square kilometres in two different
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In closing, Morgan discussed how to
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C.L. Morgan, N.A. Odunton and A.T.
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26. Y. Morel and R. LeSuave (1986),
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45. United States Office of Ocean M
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68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. Ibid. 71. T
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300 m deep basins alternating with
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in water depths at or close to the
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eyond the semi-liquid layer, to whi
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3.3. Modelling long-term propagatio
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) Take two or three cores at each s
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facies type, which was affected by
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Another useful way to define the to
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transport would not take any partic
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Use of geological data for environm
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Mining of Polymetallic Nodules from
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About 50 scientists were involved i
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the programme was to learn the beha
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econciled with the findings of othe
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located at almost every 2-minute in
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?? Geological studies: ?? Bathymetr
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the tracks. The range and average o
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designed to minimise the plume risi
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Sediment cond
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mining system would remain suspende
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design a collector. That device had
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?? For the upper layer environmenta
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Figure 1 Survey components of the u
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Figure 2. Map of the investigation
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2.4. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 5 Schematic illustration of
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JET 3: the field study conducted on
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Besides the above, measurements wer
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3.3. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 10. Location of the five FDC
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?? Calculation from discharged sedi
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5. Total mass of dried sediment dis
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Figure 14 Thickness contour map of
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The use of GIS has many advantages.
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than the 200-metre depth distributi
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Among the chemical parameters, the
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Impact of dis
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Mining (Metal Mining Agency of Japa
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Chapter 9 Data Standards Utilised i
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the three major categories of the b
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Various kinds of equipment were bei
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for biological research, but if it
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Asked for an estimate of the microb
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Sibuet agreed with Smith, emphasisi
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Chapter 10 Data Standards Utilised
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2.1.4. High precision depth recorde
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2.2.6. Piston corer ?? Acquiring bo
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2.3.3. Geotechnical properties ?? U
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?? Concentration of cells by settle
Page 283 and 284:
3.3. Zooplankton (protozoan) 3.3.1.
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?? The abundance data from the phot
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4.3. Statistical analysis Kriging w
Page 289 and 290:
Figure 4 Sampling-sites map of KODO
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o Temperature ( C) o 5 N o 6 N o 7
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PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA
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een placed in the experimental bott
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phosphate concentration had been me
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KORDI was having trouble with a 10-
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Other environmental studies Lee sai
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Chapter 11 Data Standards Utilised
Page 305 and 306:
2. Hydrochemical investigations Hyd
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and 5-6 cm. Samples from all layers
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4. Proposals 1. To evaluate environ
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second part of BIE, beginning in 20
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counted and classified into higher
Page 315 and 316:
procedures could be followed for th
Page 317 and 318:
PART III Environmental Parameters N
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a third trap beneath the two that h
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of a nodule-strewn plain, picking u
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Possible impacts on the pelagic com
Page 325 and 326:
Chapter 12 Chemical Oceanography Dr
Page 327 and 328:
To obtain quality data on metals in
Page 329 and 330:
egin right from the start of the ac
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was ambient water. The system teste
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characteristics of sediments in the
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discussed by Dr. Gerald Matisoff (c
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Citing difficulties in measuring sh
Page 339 and 340:
Sediment traps A participant asked
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Commenting on a suggestion to utili
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diversity at the community level. A
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Stuart and Rex 22 have shown that l
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the fauna in these samples. If the
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made up of mountain chains, faultin
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adiated extensively there in many e
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etween shelf and slope adjoined an
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een mined some time before, and con
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Another participant observed that h
Page 359 and 360:
identifying species at various loca
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addition, the multi-corer was being
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20. R.J. Etter and L.S. Mullineaux
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Chapter 15 Seafloor Macrofauna in P
Page 367 and 368:
Figure 2 The plough-harrow. 1. Resu
Page 369 and 370:
deeper sediment and soft, partly re
Page 371 and 372:
Year No. Year Phase 0 1989 Baseline
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uttons on the onboard unit so that
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a stainless steel collar with three
Page 377 and 378:
the majority of samples were obtain
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whirled up into the plume may reset
Page 381 and 382:
to recover (see above) and the comm
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Different methods have been propose
Page 385 and 386:
For the 12 most abundant families o
Page 387 and 388:
area in the southeast Pacific Ocean
Page 389 and 390:
should be treated with a lot of wat
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ack-up camera, had also housed smal
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in 1992 compared to 1989. Seven yea
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distribution of the samples. Anothe
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have reacted similarly by becoming
Page 399 and 400:
Another participant thought that th
Page 401 and 402:
Need for a large-scale experiment A
Page 403 and 404:
3. E.J. Foell, H. Thiel and G. Schr
Page 405 and 406:
22. Detailed description in ibid. 2
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held in Sanya, Hainan Island, Peopl
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1.1. Meiofaunal abundance Some exam
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Central Equatorial Pacific 2° N 44
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Nematode ecological diversity is un
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discrete but morphologically simila
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too difficult to deal with and were
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Institution, had collected 148 spec
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California and the Rockall Trough),
Page 423 and 424:
Another factor supposed to influenc
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shallow water, where nematodes were
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speaking, TNHM had the types for an
Page 429 and 430:
samples every two days. The equipme
Page 431 and 432:
marine nematologist there were 10,0
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core might have worked because the
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16. P.J.D. Lambshead (2001), Marine
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Chapter 17 Pelagic Community Impact
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1.2. Potential phytoplankton impact
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spatial variability. Sampling shoul
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2.6. Zooplankton Depth-stratified s
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helping to achieve consensus among
Page 447 and 448:
One potential impact of discharging
Page 449 and 450:
Consequently, in sampling these reg
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elevated levels of cadmium. It migh
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?? Marine mammals and seabirds: The
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Asked whether the impact would be d
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on some of the mesopelagic fishes.
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9. K.H. Coale (1998), The Galapagos
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PART IV Sampling, Database and Stan
Page 463 and 464:
In the discussion, one participant
Page 465 and 466:
The paper went on to make recommend
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1. Challenges for Developing a Base
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and impact sites were attributed to
Page 471 and 472:
differential response of the commun
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etter assess the spatial extent of
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x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
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Challenges to sampling studies If p
Page 479 and 480:
un. On the other hand, if test mini
Page 481 and 482:
the plume, could be a large area wi
Page 483 and 484:
e needed to elucidate data about do
Page 485 and 486:
and he might be underestimating. An
Page 487 and 488:
Chapter 19 Database Requirements Dr
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• Professional Development and Ma
Page 491 and 492:
model used at the British Museum of
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Agreeing, Rex said the management o
Page 495 and 496:
the importance of including informa
Page 497 and 498:
Environmental concerns The Secretar
Page 499 and 500:
Asking participants for their views
Page 501 and 502:
A participant suggested that echino
Page 503 and 504:
detritus in the oceans. Smith agree
Page 505 and 506:
oceanographer, go to sea with the v
Page 507 and 508:
A participant observed that, by the
Page 509 and 510:
controversial items such as macrofa
Page 511 and 512:
Chapter 21 Standardization Strategi
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have described methods for the stud
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a. Direct impacts along the track o
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3.3.2. Water column As the operatio
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3.6. Applications of environmental
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d. The duration of the operations w
Page 523 and 524:
?? Avoiding the disturbance of the
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information for consideration and a
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?? Total inorganic carbon by coulom
Page 529 and 530:
Table 2 Core sections analyzed for
Page 531 and 532:
4200- 4400 4400- 4600 4600- 4800 48
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Besides their utility for impact as
Page 535 and 536:
Turning to the requirements for fut
Page 537 and 538:
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Size of envir
Page 539 and 540:
Asked whether he thought the result
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2. J. S. Chung and K. Tsurusaki (19
Page 543 and 544:
PART V Conclusions and Recommendati
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Chapter 22 Report of the Workshop T
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identified in square brackets [BB =
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available such information as (1) k
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y the Commission as ISBA/7/LTC/1/Re
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1. Sediment Properties Sediment pro
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Table 2 lists the chemical paramete
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4. Trace metals in benthic and epi-
Page 559 and 560:
The following key parameters should
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enthic boundary layer) to evaluate
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a. Meteorological variables: sea st
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3. A.R. Hiby and P.S. Hammond (1989
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DGPS differential global positionin
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PEIS P-I POC PON PRZ QA/QC RCM RDBM
Page 571 and 572:
Discipline Category Parameter Metho
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Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 575 and 576:
Area Parameters Instruments Levels
Page 577 and 578:
3b Parameter Variables Methodology
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