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nodules to be collected was limited to 80 mm and they would be crushed to less than 30 mm, the maximum size that would leave the crusher. The crusher moved from side to side and delivered into the pump. As fewer parameters would be transmitted during the test in situ, a simpler umbilical could be used. Special hose joints had been devised so that the crawler could be lifted by the hose if the umbilical failed. As these joints would be strong enough to raise the crawler, it was less likely to be lost at sea. There was a contingency plan for handling the system. The existing crawler had mobility in all directions, with its rear chassis limited to one point about which the entire axle could move. Each wheel on the tracks was connected to a bearing that could move independently of the wheel in front -- a nice arrangement for uneven topography. For the deep-sea mining test, an in situ geotechnical test would first be done at 6000 m to design specifications for the varying requirements and weight combinations of the crawler. As the Sagar Kanya, a government-owned ship, did not have a dynamic positioning system, mining time would be limited, because if the weather turned bad there would be a large wind change. Therefore, the crawler could not be kept down for more than eight hours, and launching and retrieving took a lot of time. Indian researchers wanted to mount a dynamic positioning system on the ships, so that they could work under more comfortable conditions and do more tests per cruise. The system was ready, except that it had to be encapsulated for the 6000-m test. Before they were put down into the sea, the main components would be tested in a hyperbaric chamber capable of testing at 6000 m. The entire system had been tested at 50 m to prove that it worked. The first in situ test would be completed in 2002. Then, in 2002- 04, the collector-crusher qualifications would be worked out, and finally the crawler would be fabricated after 2004. India expected to conduct the nodule mining experiment in 2007-08. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 181
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Sediment conditions Asked about sediment conditions in the Indian Ocean, Dr. Ravindran said the top 5 cm was liquid. Measurements of bearing strength in that layer were unreliable, highlighting the need for more reliable data. The nodules were not in that layer but were subsurface. A lot of variability had been reported in the bearing/shear strength, with readings from 0-7 kPa. He strongly recommended further in situ measurements. Small variations were important for the mechanical design of the crawler, he observed. With shear strength below 2 kPa, the crawler might be lost. However, the crawler had been designed with a slip-control system to sense the resistance by measuring shear strength, so that if it was about to slip its speed would automatically be reduced and it would not get stuck. A participant, drawing a comparison with the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ) in the North Pacific Ocean, recalled that in the French area, the so-called semiliquid layer was only 1 cm deep, but the subsoil was also soft, with shear strength between 4-5 kPa. In the Peru Basin to the south, the semi-liquid layer had been reported to be 8-12 cm thick (chapter 5 above, section 2.3). Nodule collector design Asked what advantage was gained by placing all the machinery on top of the crawler, Ravindran replied that most prior work had used a hydraulic lifting system with submersible pumps at intermediate stages. The major problem with that approach was that the lateral force exerted on the riser pipe required a rigid riser and pumps that were much more complicated and expensive. How was this rigid pipeline to be stored on the deck? How much time would be needed for installation and recovery? All these factors made such a mining system more expensive. India was looking at a riser that could be rolled up and kept on the deck. In addition, the lateral load of the current would not cause excessive movement of the compliant riser. Moreover, because of its specially designed buoyancy distribution, the crawler could move independently of the ship. Therefore, India thought that, from the point of view of affordability when mining 182 INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
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STANDARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DA
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The designations employed and the p
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Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chap
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Standardization of Environmental Da
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Foreword Statement by the Secretary
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Participants Mr. Baïdy Diène, Spe
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Dr. Rahul Sharma, Scientist, Nation
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“Necessary measures shall be take
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three working groups, on chemistry
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Some vital procedures are not amena
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(Kingston, Jamaica), 289 pp. The re
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He observed that the Regulations, u
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Dr. Smith reviewed in detail the pr
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Notes and References 1. Internation
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- The Authority must be notified of
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area, but within one or two years e
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- A description of proposed measure
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??It has been previously made avail
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Financial obl
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In the discussion, flexibility in t
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Chapter 2 Overview of the Authority
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2.3. Chemical oceanography - Object
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3. Environmental Impact Assessment
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?? Nodule crushing methods, if any;
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Biological co
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The Secretary-General responded tha
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edeposit on the surrounding seafloo
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1.3. Importance of standardization
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detailed guidelines recommended by
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and “transect physical oceanograp
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eference to seven biological catego
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2.4.1.6. Demersal scavengers It is
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e measured must be specified. I rec
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3.2. Taxonomic standardization I st
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ecological comparisons. Several oth
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that supplied the benthos with ener
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speculate on the rates of recolonis
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Geographical variation Speaking nex
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Knowledge limitations Concluding hi
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on the other hand it turned out tha
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ecolonisation rates. If the area wa
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had been used to look at resediment
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ecover. In the case of the seabed,
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13. International Seabed Authority,
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Chapter 3 Current State of Knowledg
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side. Exploration contractors will
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However, for scientific endeavours
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50-m altitude (i.e., within the bot
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2.4. Biological communities The LTC
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sediment/water interface of each bo
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strata), with sampling on a diel ba
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abyssal seafloor communities 25 sea
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very useful to the design of baseli
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PRESENTATION ON DEEP-SEA ECOSYSTEM
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Most of the seabed macrofauna in th
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the CCFZ. Without understanding lev
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One could also make the opposite ar
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had to be mined each day. Assuming
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There was an increasing appreciatio
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whether the effects were severe in
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collect samples wherever he went in
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Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltsch
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25. C.R. Smith et al (1997), Latitu
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esistance and resilience of seafloo
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other parameters had been recorded
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environment, a conscious effort was
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oceanographic measurements, monitor
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Chapter 4 Priorities for Environmen
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and government organisations have c
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information. On the other hand, the
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contractors (1.5 x 10 6 km 2 ). Dur
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Contractors must carefully optimise
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3.4. Benthic and demersal community
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for environmental characterisation
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4.2.3. Observations of marine mamma
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Local topography exerts significant
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ooze can consist of more than 90% o
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Table 3 Benthic currents in the CCF
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5.3.2. Benthic currents and sedimen
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polychaetes and nematodes in the co
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from the DOMES sites illustrate thi
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5.5.1.1. Climate The climate is dom
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Surface temperatures typically reve
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process. With increasing depth, pho
Page 169 and 170: phosphorus. In the oceanic environm
Page 171 and 172: are found at about 40 m, while the
Page 173 and 174: often seen closer to land. The Paci
Page 175 and 176: square kilometres in two different
Page 177 and 178: In closing, Morgan discussed how to
Page 179 and 180: C.L. Morgan, N.A. Odunton and A.T.
Page 181 and 182: 26. Y. Morel and R. LeSuave (1986),
Page 183 and 184: 45. United States Office of Ocean M
Page 185 and 186: 68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. Ibid. 71. T
Page 187 and 188: 300 m deep basins alternating with
Page 189 and 190: in water depths at or close to the
Page 191 and 192: eyond the semi-liquid layer, to whi
Page 193 and 194: 3.3. Modelling long-term propagatio
Page 195 and 196: ) Take two or three cores at each s
Page 197 and 198: facies type, which was affected by
Page 199 and 200: Another useful way to define the to
Page 201 and 202: transport would not take any partic
Page 203 and 204: Use of geological data for environm
Page 205 and 206: Mining of Polymetallic Nodules from
Page 207 and 208: About 50 scientists were involved i
Page 209 and 210: the programme was to learn the beha
Page 211 and 212: econciled with the findings of othe
Page 213 and 214: located at almost every 2-minute in
Page 215 and 216: ?? Geological studies: ?? Bathymetr
Page 217 and 218: the tracks. The range and average o
Page 219: designed to minimise the plume risi
Page 223 and 224: mining system would remain suspende
Page 225 and 226: design a collector. That device had
Page 227 and 228: ?? For the upper layer environmenta
Page 229 and 230: Figure 1 Survey components of the u
Page 231 and 232: Figure 2. Map of the investigation
Page 233 and 234: 2.4. Sample processing and size cat
Page 235 and 236: Figure 5 Schematic illustration of
Page 237 and 238: JET 3: the field study conducted on
Page 239 and 240: Besides the above, measurements wer
Page 241 and 242: 3.3. Sample processing and size cat
Page 243 and 244: Figure 10. Location of the five FDC
Page 245 and 246: ?? Calculation from discharged sedi
Page 247 and 248: 5. Total mass of dried sediment dis
Page 249 and 250: Figure 14 Thickness contour map of
Page 251 and 252: The use of GIS has many advantages.
Page 253 and 254: than the 200-metre depth distributi
Page 255 and 256: Among the chemical parameters, the
Page 257 and 258: SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Impact of dis
Page 259 and 260: Mining (Metal Mining Agency of Japa
Page 261 and 262: Chapter 9 Data Standards Utilised i
Page 263 and 264: the three major categories of the b
Page 265 and 266: Various kinds of equipment were bei
Page 267 and 268: for biological research, but if it
Page 269 and 270: Asked for an estimate of the microb
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Sibuet agreed with Smith, emphasisi
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Chapter 10 Data Standards Utilised
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2.1.4. High precision depth recorde
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2.2.6. Piston corer ?? Acquiring bo
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2.3.3. Geotechnical properties ?? U
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?? Concentration of cells by settle
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3.3. Zooplankton (protozoan) 3.3.1.
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?? The abundance data from the phot
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4.3. Statistical analysis Kriging w
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Figure 4 Sampling-sites map of KODO
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o Temperature ( C) o 5 N o 6 N o 7
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PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA
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een placed in the experimental bott
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phosphate concentration had been me
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KORDI was having trouble with a 10-
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Other environmental studies Lee sai
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Chapter 11 Data Standards Utilised
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2. Hydrochemical investigations Hyd
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and 5-6 cm. Samples from all layers
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4. Proposals 1. To evaluate environ
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second part of BIE, beginning in 20
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counted and classified into higher
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procedures could be followed for th
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PART III Environmental Parameters N
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a third trap beneath the two that h
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of a nodule-strewn plain, picking u
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Possible impacts on the pelagic com
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Chapter 12 Chemical Oceanography Dr
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To obtain quality data on metals in
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egin right from the start of the ac
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was ambient water. The system teste
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characteristics of sediments in the
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discussed by Dr. Gerald Matisoff (c
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Citing difficulties in measuring sh
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Sediment traps A participant asked
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Commenting on a suggestion to utili
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diversity at the community level. A
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Stuart and Rex 22 have shown that l
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the fauna in these samples. If the
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made up of mountain chains, faultin
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adiated extensively there in many e
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etween shelf and slope adjoined an
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een mined some time before, and con
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Another participant observed that h
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identifying species at various loca
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addition, the multi-corer was being
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20. R.J. Etter and L.S. Mullineaux
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Chapter 15 Seafloor Macrofauna in P
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Figure 2 The plough-harrow. 1. Resu
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deeper sediment and soft, partly re
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Year No. Year Phase 0 1989 Baseline
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uttons on the onboard unit so that
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a stainless steel collar with three
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the majority of samples were obtain
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whirled up into the plume may reset
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to recover (see above) and the comm
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Different methods have been propose
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For the 12 most abundant families o
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area in the southeast Pacific Ocean
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should be treated with a lot of wat
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ack-up camera, had also housed smal
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in 1992 compared to 1989. Seven yea
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distribution of the samples. Anothe
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have reacted similarly by becoming
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Another participant thought that th
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Need for a large-scale experiment A
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3. E.J. Foell, H. Thiel and G. Schr
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22. Detailed description in ibid. 2
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held in Sanya, Hainan Island, Peopl
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1.1. Meiofaunal abundance Some exam
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Central Equatorial Pacific 2° N 44
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Nematode ecological diversity is un
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discrete but morphologically simila
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too difficult to deal with and were
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Institution, had collected 148 spec
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California and the Rockall Trough),
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Another factor supposed to influenc
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shallow water, where nematodes were
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speaking, TNHM had the types for an
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samples every two days. The equipme
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marine nematologist there were 10,0
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core might have worked because the
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16. P.J.D. Lambshead (2001), Marine
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Chapter 17 Pelagic Community Impact
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1.2. Potential phytoplankton impact
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spatial variability. Sampling shoul
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2.6. Zooplankton Depth-stratified s
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helping to achieve consensus among
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One potential impact of discharging
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Consequently, in sampling these reg
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elevated levels of cadmium. It migh
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?? Marine mammals and seabirds: The
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Asked whether the impact would be d
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on some of the mesopelagic fishes.
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9. K.H. Coale (1998), The Galapagos
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PART IV Sampling, Database and Stan
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In the discussion, one participant
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The paper went on to make recommend
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1. Challenges for Developing a Base
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and impact sites were attributed to
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differential response of the commun
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etter assess the spatial extent of
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x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
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Challenges to sampling studies If p
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un. On the other hand, if test mini
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the plume, could be a large area wi
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e needed to elucidate data about do
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and he might be underestimating. An
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Chapter 19 Database Requirements Dr
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• Professional Development and Ma
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model used at the British Museum of
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Agreeing, Rex said the management o
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the importance of including informa
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Environmental concerns The Secretar
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Asking participants for their views
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A participant suggested that echino
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detritus in the oceans. Smith agree
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oceanographer, go to sea with the v
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A participant observed that, by the
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controversial items such as macrofa
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Chapter 21 Standardization Strategi
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have described methods for the stud
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a. Direct impacts along the track o
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3.3.2. Water column As the operatio
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3.6. Applications of environmental
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d. The duration of the operations w
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?? Avoiding the disturbance of the
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information for consideration and a
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?? Total inorganic carbon by coulom
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Table 2 Core sections analyzed for
Page 531 and 532:
4200- 4400 4400- 4600 4600- 4800 48
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Besides their utility for impact as
Page 535 and 536:
Turning to the requirements for fut
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Size of envir
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Asked whether he thought the result
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2. J. S. Chung and K. Tsurusaki (19
Page 543 and 544:
PART V Conclusions and Recommendati
Page 545 and 546:
Chapter 22 Report of the Workshop T
Page 547 and 548:
identified in square brackets [BB =
Page 549 and 550:
available such information as (1) k
Page 551 and 552:
y the Commission as ISBA/7/LTC/1/Re
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1. Sediment Properties Sediment pro
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Table 2 lists the chemical paramete
Page 557 and 558:
4. Trace metals in benthic and epi-
Page 559 and 560:
The following key parameters should
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enthic boundary layer) to evaluate
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a. Meteorological variables: sea st
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3. A.R. Hiby and P.S. Hammond (1989
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DGPS differential global positionin
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PEIS P-I POC PON PRZ QA/QC RCM RDBM
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Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 573 and 574:
Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 575 and 576:
Area Parameters Instruments Levels
Page 577 and 578:
3b Parameter Variables Methodology
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