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Park, C.-Y., et al. (1998), Distributional characteristics of Pacific manganese nodules in Korea’s exploration area, Proceedings of the Eighth Pacific Congress on Science and Technology (PACON 98, Seoul, 16-20 June). Park, C.-Y., et al. (1999), An image analysis technique for exploration of manganese nodules, Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 17(4): 371-386. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 263
Chapter 11 Data Standards Utilised in the Environmental Studies of Yuzhmorgeologiya (Russian Federation) Mr. Viatcheslav Ph. Melnik, Major Scientist, Yuzhmorgeologia, Gelendzhik, Russian Federation World ocean pollution is a global problem affecting the interests of all humanity. Investigation activities connected with future mining, carried out by industrial countries in the framework of national programmes and international projects, have shown that the study of this problem and the development of environmental protection activities will take a long time and require the contribution of many countries. Yuzhmorgeologia, one of the contractors with the International Seabed Authority, has been investigating effects on the deep-sea environment since 1982. From 1991 to 2000, it carried out these investigations together with United States licensees, taking part in the BIE (Benthic Impact Experiment) programme. Beginning in 2001, Yuzhmorgeologia started its own ecological investigations in the Russian Experimental Polygon (REP). To achieve effective ecological controls, new scientific studies are needed, organised around complex investigations of the benthic ecosystem. Sediment disturbances connected with nodule mining have their initial impact on the benthic community. It is presumed that benthic organisms will be affected by (1) direct physical contact with the mining device, (2) burial under a layer of resuspended sediment and (3) decrease in the availability of food. The necessity of studying these problems before commercial mining begins in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ) was a main impetus for the several international model experiments on benthos impacts – DISCOL (Disturbance Recolonisation [Germany]), BIE, JET (Japan Deep-Sea Impact Experiment), INDEX (Indian Deep-sea Environment Experiment) and studies by the IOM (Interoceanmetal Joint Organisation). The main aim of all these experiments was to create a relatively large disturbance of the upper sediment layer by using a mining-simulator device, and to investigate the ecosystem response to this disturbance immediately and some years afterward. Thus, the programmes included three main phases: 264 INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
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STANDARDIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DA
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The designations employed and the p
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Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chap
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Standardization of Environmental Da
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Foreword Statement by the Secretary
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Participants Mr. Baïdy Diène, Spe
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Dr. Rahul Sharma, Scientist, Nation
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“Necessary measures shall be take
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three working groups, on chemistry
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Some vital procedures are not amena
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(Kingston, Jamaica), 289 pp. The re
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He observed that the Regulations, u
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Dr. Smith reviewed in detail the pr
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Notes and References 1. Internation
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- The Authority must be notified of
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area, but within one or two years e
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- A description of proposed measure
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??It has been previously made avail
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Financial obl
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In the discussion, flexibility in t
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Chapter 2 Overview of the Authority
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2.3. Chemical oceanography - Object
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3. Environmental Impact Assessment
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?? Nodule crushing methods, if any;
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Biological co
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The Secretary-General responded tha
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edeposit on the surrounding seafloo
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1.3. Importance of standardization
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detailed guidelines recommended by
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and “transect physical oceanograp
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eference to seven biological catego
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2.4.1.6. Demersal scavengers It is
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e measured must be specified. I rec
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3.2. Taxonomic standardization I st
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ecological comparisons. Several oth
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that supplied the benthos with ener
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speculate on the rates of recolonis
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Geographical variation Speaking nex
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Knowledge limitations Concluding hi
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on the other hand it turned out tha
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ecolonisation rates. If the area wa
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had been used to look at resediment
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ecover. In the case of the seabed,
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13. International Seabed Authority,
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Chapter 3 Current State of Knowledg
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side. Exploration contractors will
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However, for scientific endeavours
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50-m altitude (i.e., within the bot
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2.4. Biological communities The LTC
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sediment/water interface of each bo
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strata), with sampling on a diel ba
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abyssal seafloor communities 25 sea
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very useful to the design of baseli
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PRESENTATION ON DEEP-SEA ECOSYSTEM
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Most of the seabed macrofauna in th
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the CCFZ. Without understanding lev
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One could also make the opposite ar
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had to be mined each day. Assuming
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There was an increasing appreciatio
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whether the effects were severe in
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collect samples wherever he went in
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Forschungsverbund Tiefsee-Umweltsch
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25. C.R. Smith et al (1997), Latitu
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esistance and resilience of seafloo
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other parameters had been recorded
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environment, a conscious effort was
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oceanographic measurements, monitor
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Chapter 4 Priorities for Environmen
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and government organisations have c
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information. On the other hand, the
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contractors (1.5 x 10 6 km 2 ). Dur
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Contractors must carefully optimise
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3.4. Benthic and demersal community
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for environmental characterisation
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4.2.3. Observations of marine mamma
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Local topography exerts significant
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ooze can consist of more than 90% o
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Table 3 Benthic currents in the CCF
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5.3.2. Benthic currents and sedimen
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polychaetes and nematodes in the co
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from the DOMES sites illustrate thi
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5.5.1.1. Climate The climate is dom
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Surface temperatures typically reve
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process. With increasing depth, pho
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phosphorus. In the oceanic environm
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are found at about 40 m, while the
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often seen closer to land. The Paci
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square kilometres in two different
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In closing, Morgan discussed how to
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C.L. Morgan, N.A. Odunton and A.T.
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26. Y. Morel and R. LeSuave (1986),
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45. United States Office of Ocean M
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68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. Ibid. 71. T
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300 m deep basins alternating with
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in water depths at or close to the
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eyond the semi-liquid layer, to whi
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3.3. Modelling long-term propagatio
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) Take two or three cores at each s
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facies type, which was affected by
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Another useful way to define the to
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transport would not take any partic
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Use of geological data for environm
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Mining of Polymetallic Nodules from
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About 50 scientists were involved i
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the programme was to learn the beha
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econciled with the findings of othe
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located at almost every 2-minute in
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?? Geological studies: ?? Bathymetr
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the tracks. The range and average o
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designed to minimise the plume risi
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SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Sediment cond
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mining system would remain suspende
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design a collector. That device had
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?? For the upper layer environmenta
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Figure 1 Survey components of the u
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Figure 2. Map of the investigation
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2.4. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 5 Schematic illustration of
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JET 3: the field study conducted on
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Besides the above, measurements wer
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3.3. Sample processing and size cat
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Figure 10. Location of the five FDC
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?? Calculation from discharged sedi
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5. Total mass of dried sediment dis
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Figure 14 Thickness contour map of
Page 251 and 252: The use of GIS has many advantages.
Page 253 and 254: than the 200-metre depth distributi
Page 255 and 256: Among the chemical parameters, the
Page 257 and 258: SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Impact of dis
Page 259 and 260: Mining (Metal Mining Agency of Japa
Page 261 and 262: Chapter 9 Data Standards Utilised i
Page 263 and 264: the three major categories of the b
Page 265 and 266: Various kinds of equipment were bei
Page 267 and 268: for biological research, but if it
Page 269 and 270: Asked for an estimate of the microb
Page 271 and 272: Sibuet agreed with Smith, emphasisi
Page 273 and 274: Chapter 10 Data Standards Utilised
Page 275 and 276: 2.1.4. High precision depth recorde
Page 277 and 278: 2.2.6. Piston corer ?? Acquiring bo
Page 279 and 280: 2.3.3. Geotechnical properties ?? U
Page 281 and 282: ?? Concentration of cells by settle
Page 283 and 284: 3.3. Zooplankton (protozoan) 3.3.1.
Page 285 and 286: ?? The abundance data from the phot
Page 287 and 288: 4.3. Statistical analysis Kriging w
Page 289 and 290: Figure 4 Sampling-sites map of KODO
Page 291 and 292: o Temperature ( C) o 5 N o 6 N o 7
Page 293 and 294: PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA
Page 295 and 296: een placed in the experimental bott
Page 297 and 298: phosphate concentration had been me
Page 299 and 300: KORDI was having trouble with a 10-
Page 301: Other environmental studies Lee sai
Page 305 and 306: 2. Hydrochemical investigations Hyd
Page 307 and 308: and 5-6 cm. Samples from all layers
Page 309 and 310: 4. Proposals 1. To evaluate environ
Page 311 and 312: second part of BIE, beginning in 20
Page 313 and 314: counted and classified into higher
Page 315 and 316: procedures could be followed for th
Page 317 and 318: PART III Environmental Parameters N
Page 319 and 320: a third trap beneath the two that h
Page 321 and 322: of a nodule-strewn plain, picking u
Page 323 and 324: Possible impacts on the pelagic com
Page 325 and 326: Chapter 12 Chemical Oceanography Dr
Page 327 and 328: To obtain quality data on metals in
Page 329 and 330: egin right from the start of the ac
Page 331 and 332: was ambient water. The system teste
Page 333 and 334: characteristics of sediments in the
Page 335 and 336: discussed by Dr. Gerald Matisoff (c
Page 337 and 338: Citing difficulties in measuring sh
Page 339 and 340: Sediment traps A participant asked
Page 341 and 342: Commenting on a suggestion to utili
Page 343 and 344: diversity at the community level. A
Page 345 and 346: Stuart and Rex 22 have shown that l
Page 347 and 348: the fauna in these samples. If the
Page 349 and 350: made up of mountain chains, faultin
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etween shelf and slope adjoined an
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een mined some time before, and con
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Another participant observed that h
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identifying species at various loca
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addition, the multi-corer was being
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20. R.J. Etter and L.S. Mullineaux
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Chapter 15 Seafloor Macrofauna in P
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Figure 2 The plough-harrow. 1. Resu
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deeper sediment and soft, partly re
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Year No. Year Phase 0 1989 Baseline
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uttons on the onboard unit so that
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a stainless steel collar with three
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the majority of samples were obtain
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whirled up into the plume may reset
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to recover (see above) and the comm
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Different methods have been propose
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For the 12 most abundant families o
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area in the southeast Pacific Ocean
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should be treated with a lot of wat
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ack-up camera, had also housed smal
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in 1992 compared to 1989. Seven yea
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distribution of the samples. Anothe
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have reacted similarly by becoming
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Another participant thought that th
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Need for a large-scale experiment A
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3. E.J. Foell, H. Thiel and G. Schr
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22. Detailed description in ibid. 2
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held in Sanya, Hainan Island, Peopl
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1.1. Meiofaunal abundance Some exam
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Central Equatorial Pacific 2° N 44
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Nematode ecological diversity is un
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discrete but morphologically simila
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too difficult to deal with and were
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Institution, had collected 148 spec
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California and the Rockall Trough),
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Another factor supposed to influenc
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shallow water, where nematodes were
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speaking, TNHM had the types for an
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samples every two days. The equipme
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marine nematologist there were 10,0
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core might have worked because the
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16. P.J.D. Lambshead (2001), Marine
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Chapter 17 Pelagic Community Impact
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1.2. Potential phytoplankton impact
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spatial variability. Sampling shoul
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2.6. Zooplankton Depth-stratified s
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helping to achieve consensus among
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One potential impact of discharging
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Consequently, in sampling these reg
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elevated levels of cadmium. It migh
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?? Marine mammals and seabirds: The
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Asked whether the impact would be d
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on some of the mesopelagic fishes.
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9. K.H. Coale (1998), The Galapagos
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PART IV Sampling, Database and Stan
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In the discussion, one participant
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The paper went on to make recommend
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1. Challenges for Developing a Base
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and impact sites were attributed to
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differential response of the commun
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etter assess the spatial extent of
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x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
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Challenges to sampling studies If p
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un. On the other hand, if test mini
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the plume, could be a large area wi
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e needed to elucidate data about do
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and he might be underestimating. An
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Chapter 19 Database Requirements Dr
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• Professional Development and Ma
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model used at the British Museum of
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Agreeing, Rex said the management o
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the importance of including informa
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Environmental concerns The Secretar
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Asking participants for their views
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A participant suggested that echino
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detritus in the oceans. Smith agree
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oceanographer, go to sea with the v
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A participant observed that, by the
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controversial items such as macrofa
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Chapter 21 Standardization Strategi
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have described methods for the stud
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a. Direct impacts along the track o
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3.3.2. Water column As the operatio
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3.6. Applications of environmental
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d. The duration of the operations w
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?? Avoiding the disturbance of the
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information for consideration and a
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?? Total inorganic carbon by coulom
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Table 2 Core sections analyzed for
Page 531 and 532:
4200- 4400 4400- 4600 4600- 4800 48
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Besides their utility for impact as
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Turning to the requirements for fut
Page 537 and 538:
SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION Size of envir
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Asked whether he thought the result
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2. J. S. Chung and K. Tsurusaki (19
Page 543 and 544:
PART V Conclusions and Recommendati
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Chapter 22 Report of the Workshop T
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identified in square brackets [BB =
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available such information as (1) k
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y the Commission as ISBA/7/LTC/1/Re
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1. Sediment Properties Sediment pro
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Table 2 lists the chemical paramete
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4. Trace metals in benthic and epi-
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The following key parameters should
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enthic boundary layer) to evaluate
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a. Meteorological variables: sea st
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3. A.R. Hiby and P.S. Hammond (1989
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DGPS differential global positionin
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PEIS P-I POC PON PRZ QA/QC RCM RDBM
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Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 573 and 574:
Discipline Category Parameter Metho
Page 575 and 576:
Area Parameters Instruments Levels
Page 577 and 578:
3b Parameter Variables Methodology
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