Access to HIV Services for Mobile and Migrant Populations in Antigua

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1946 1960 1970 1991* 2001* 2011** 41,757 54,060 64,794 60,840 76,886 83,278 19,011 25,230 30,589 29,638 36,109 N/A 22,746 28,830 34,205 31,202 40,777 N/A 83.58 87.51 89.43 94.99 88.55 N/A 11,990 12,303 10,734 -3,954 16,046 6,392 *Adjusted population Source: 1990-1991 Population and Housing Census of the Commonwealth Caribbean. National Census Report, Antigua and Barbuda, 2001. CARICOM Secretariat, 1997. Antigua and Barbuda Summary: 2001. Statistics Division of the Ministry of Finance and the Economy, July 2004. Antigua and BarbudaCensus 2011 Preliminary Data Release. Statistics Division of the Ministry of Finance, the Economy and Public Administration. January/February 2012 1.35 1.84 1.81 -0.30 2.34 0.83 Because of the free movement of people to and from the USA, which was restricted in 1921 and 1924, Welland (1974), and certain major agricultural and infrastructure projects in Latin America, there was a steady outflow of people from Antigua and the wider Caribbean to these parts of the world. This was seriously restricted in 1921 because of certain laws passed in the USA (United States Immigration Act, 1924) and the completion of these projects in Latin America. In the early 1900’s, a number of Caribbean nationals migrated to Antigua to work on the sugar plantations. Padilla (2007) states that a number of Antiguans also journeyed to places like Guyana, Dominican Republic and Dominica and some even started families there. Many of the offspring of these Antiguans, came to Antigua later on in hopes of finding family, especially as migration to Antigua was not difficult and getting work permits and permanent status was simpler than it is now. In later years, a strong tendency for the return of high level occupational groups, better economic conditions and higher rates of pay in Antigua, continued to fuel the inflow of persons into the country from the surrounding Caribbean territories (Planning Institute of Jamaica, 1994 and 1995). 23
Kempadoo (2010) recalls that “Antiguans became accustomed in the 1980s and 90s to full employment opportunities. From 2000, with reduced opportunities for employment, increasing numbers of Antiguan and migrant women are reported to have turned to prostitution.” Current Migration patterns In recent years, the island has maintained a very high population of migrants. The Census figures for 2001 1 show that we have a large population of resident Guyanese, followed by Dominicans, Jamaicans, USA, Dominicans (Dominican Republic) and Europeans. The International Organization for Migrants (IOM, 2011) suggests that about one third of the population of Antigua and Barbuda is migrant from mainly Caribbean countries including Guyana, Jamaica and Dominican Republic. Kempadoo (2010) stated that while the global recession does not yet seem to have impacted heavily on the tourism sector, locally, the arrest of financier Allen Stanford and the closure of mega projects have led to loss of jobs particularly in construction and road building contracts. The new government changed police and immigration officials and vigorous efforts are made to clamp down on illegal immigrants. This, perhaps on top of the economic downturn and noticeable presence of many foreigners, created a highly xenophobic atmosphere. In 2008, although statistical data showed that there was 3,000+ Jamaicans living in Antigua (See table below), the Antiguan Prime Minister, Honourable Baldwin Spencer at a meeting with Hon. Bruce Golding, Prime Minister of Jamaica and a crowd of Jamaicans in Antigua, stated that he estimated that the population of Jamaicans living in Antigua were around 12,000 (Official Website of the Office of the Prime Minister of Jamaica). His estimate appeared to be based on the fact that there were a large number of undocumented Jamaicans living in Antigua. Table 5 - Population of Antigua & Barbuda as of 2001 (last census data available). 1 The most recent Census was conducted in 2011, but the full data has not yet been released. 24
Page 1 and 2: APRIL 2012 A Mapping Study on Acces
Page 3 and 4: FACTS ABOUT ANTIGUA • Capital - S
Page 5 and 6: 5. Design of Survey Tools………
Page 7 and 8: 3.2.4. HIV Information and Testing
Page 9 and 10: List of Acronyms AIDS ABHAN APPA AR
Page 11 and 12: Executive Summary Background Due to
Page 13 and 14: There is clearly a lot of stigma an
Page 15 and 16: Background to Study A quick search
Page 17 and 18: Table 1 - Population by Parishes Pa
Page 19 and 20: Relevance of Study Several reports
Page 21 and 22: ‣ Desk Review - a compilation of
Page 23: This review attempts to examine som
Page 27 and 28: Table 6 - Remittances as Percentage
Page 29 and 30: members of the sex-worker populatio
Page 31 and 32: use of intravenous drugs. She state
Page 33 and 34: population about their role in the
Page 35 and 36: CHAA, based on an Inter-American Pa
Page 37 and 38: The Government of Antigua and Barbu
Page 39 and 40: Population Services International (
Page 41 and 42: MAPPING METHODOLOGY Population Due
Page 43 and 44: Design of Survey Tools The survey f
Page 45 and 46: STAKEHOLDERS REPORT For this projec
Page 47 and 48: AIDS Secretariat/NAP office Redclif
Page 49 and 50: Mount St. John’s Medical Centre M
Page 51 and 52: suspicion in the department of some
Page 53 and 54: services as this does act as a barr
Page 55 and 56: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO
Page 57 and 58: and MSM’s are referred to Directo
Page 59 and 60: in navigating the health care syste
Page 61 and 62: Questionnaires are issued and there
Page 63 and 64: There are costs attached to the pro
Page 65 and 66: to her by the social worker at the
Page 67 and 68: funding, but they are still very fu
Page 69 and 70: Encouragement should be made to civ
Page 71 and 72: Where are the places that you provi
Page 73 and 74: Do you collaborate with any other a
Page 75 and 76:
MSM Survey and Focus Group Report M
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Free Condoms Figure 13- Free condom
Page 79 and 80:
Table 9- Reasons for not having an
Page 81 and 82:
care. Some had no answer as they ha
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coming out or dealing with the stig
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Misconceptions At least 90% of the
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Create a job bank - having a job co
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57.8% of the young ladies work on t
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them to read. “Only CHAA really w
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It is quite evident that fear has c
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care and an inviting friendly atmos
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They need to be able to access a gy
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Type of facility frequented for tre
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Their expectations for their core g
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General Discussion and Conclusion T
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Many of the ladies expressed a desi
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Policy Aspects The National
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target population. Purpose: this wo
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information on existing testing sit
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ANNEX _____________________________
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Support Clothes Populations Served
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Demographic 8 participants Sex: Mal
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3. Where are the places/spots that
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that most MSM’s are very particul
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‣ Men’s health care clinic - wh
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‣ Confidential organizations wher
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French 3 3.1 Other 0 0.0 Total 105
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their country as a group. 5.2% of t
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Partner History Partners in Antigua
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Sex for pay (how many of the sexual
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Table No. 25- Partner has spouse or
Page 137 and 138:
Condom Supply The majority of the p
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How to use condoms/Instructional co
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percentage when one considers that
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Ability to pay for HIV testing Tabl
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They don’t speak my language 0 0.
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Never 15 15.7 Don’t recall 24 25.
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Other foreigners are there 12 12.6
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Facility not clean and tidy 4 4.2 O
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Sometimes 24 25.2 Rarely 16 16.8 Ne
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Responses Number Percentage Public
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No response 1 1.0 Total 95 99.8 Tab
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Focus Group Responses 1- What are s
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5- What are some of the factors tha
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oyfriends. One participant also sai
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Marital Status: All were unmarried
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They face a lot of difficulties whe
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Figure35 - Breakdown of country of
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Table No. 61- Length of time in Ant
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groups of other persons from their
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Number of Respondents Number of Res
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Table 70- Showing how clients are c
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Condom Supply When asked where they
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How to use condoms /Instructional c
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Table 79- Showing amount of persons
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discrimination. Some 59.6% of the r
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Reasons for not having had a recent
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Availability of HIV testing or educ
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Table 90- Showing their perception
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Reasons for not recommending facili
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DISCRIMINATION Discrimination faced
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“They call me Spanish and they al
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Back to school program Back to scho
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Training center where we can learn
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Disagree 91 79.8 Don’t know 20 17
Page 205 and 206:
7. What social connections do you h
Page 207 and 208:
c. Between 1and 3 months ago g. Nev
Page 209 and 210:
. Stigma and discrimination e. Faci
Page 211 and 212:
CSW INTERVIEW SHEET Date of Intervi
Page 213 and 214:
18. In the past 12 months, have you
Page 215 and 216:
36. Would you go back yourself or r
Page 217 and 218:
52. If you could implement a progra
Page 219 and 220:
The CARICOM single Market and Econo
Page 221 and 222:
CHAA (2012) International Day: Stop
Page 223 and 224:
Thomas-Hope, Elizabeth (1986),”Tr
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Access to HIV Services for Mobile and Migrant Populations in Antigua

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