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prison and pre-prison work history, job training) might interact with drug treatment to influence post-release outcomes (employment, drug relapse, reincarceration and rearrest). 0 However, none of the control variables examined in this study (e.g., assessed level of need for drug treatment, prior and current offense severity, age) substantially weakened the observed relationship between employment and reduced recidivism, leaving us with the impression that the effect of post-release employment is quite robust. Conclusions and Recommendations Ten recommendations are summarized in Table I, along with the specific findings supporting each. Policies regarding prison-based drug treatment should focus on strengthening and enhancing TC quality and implementation so as to fnaximize treatment effects. Guidelines formulated by professional associations and informed by both clinical practice and research suggest that the bar could profitably be raised. Where TC is sufficiently intense but supportive, treatment engagement and completion should be intentionally maximized. The benefits of TC, where they exist, appear to be restricted to those who successfblly engage, complete and graduate. The effects of TC were statistically significant and encouraging, although not unqualified. TC significantly lowered the likelihood of reincarceration, but only when successful program graduates were isolated. The effects of TC on rearrest or drug relapse failed to reach statistical significance. Post release employment emerged as the strongest predictor of recidivism. Further policy-relevant research should continue to explore and evaluate productive strategies in these directions, while at the same time examining more detailed interactions between inmate characteristics, treatment process, and outcomes across multiple sites. 8 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Policy Issues and Recommendations Recommendation 1. Correctional officials, in cooperation with Parole, Probation and privately contracted Community Correctional Facilities (CCF’s) should mher explore and evaluate strategies to enhance post-release employment prospects. 2. Correctional administrators, working with researchers, drug treatment specialists, treatment supervisors and program managers, should examine the fiequency of different reasons given for program termination at each institution. Examine whether existing procedures aimed at improving inmates’ therapeutic engagement and retention in the program can be strengthened. Findings Supporting Recommendation Of the three major outcomes examined, TC significantly reduce the likelihood of reincarceration 4 alone. Post-release employment was strongly related to a lower likelihood of reincarceration, rearrest, and drug relapse. We found some inconsistencies in inmate selection and termination procedures across the five institutions. Two TC programs tended to recruit older, lower-risk inmates. Attrition rates varied substantially (5 - 71%). 3. DOC administrators should work with drug treatment specialists, treatment supervisors and correctional program managers to carehlly monitor implementation of drug treatment policies and procedures (e.g., selection criteria for TC and other program types). ~~ 4. Correctional administrators should carefblly monitor the implementation of assessment, screening and program placement procedures specified by policies. Verirjl that AOD staffat each institution understand and properly implement these guidelines. Ensure that programming resources correspond to needdemand. 5. Correctional administrators should regularly review, update and ve@ critical data fields (data that inform program eligibility, selection and placement decisions) entered into automated information systems. VerlfL that AOD staff at each institution understand and properly implement selection guidelines. Many high-need inmates (e.g., high offense gravity scores, high need for drug treatment) were assigned to less intensive Outpatient programs rather than TC. Considerable variability was observed in time remaining to minimum release date. In contrast to stated policy guidelines, many inmates enrolled in drug treatment programs were already well past their minimum release dates. 9 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Page 1 and 2: The author(s) shown below used Fede
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Executive Summary
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Evaluation of Pri
Page 7 and 8: e the same five institutions were c
Page 9: 0 0 Treatment staff showed a high l
Page 13 and 14: 1. Overview In fro duction Like oth
Page 15 and 16: a years old. Offenders were serving
Page 17 and 18: integrated into the other activitie
Page 19 and 20: e repeatedly incarcerated, but untr
Page 21 and 22: 0 According to a recent report by t
Page 23 and 24: e and Camacho, 1997), and the Feder
Page 25 and 26: 8% lower reincarceration rate compa
Page 27 and 28: e reincarcerated, compared to only
Page 29 and 30: e of less violence and greater drug
Page 31 and 32: included those clients who graduate
Page 33 and 34: e conjunction with the National Ins
Page 35 and 36: @ drug use than untreated women (35
Page 37 and 38: 9 serve, then they were removed fio
Page 39 and 40: programming per week (mean = 30 hr/
Page 41 and 42: participation in treatment) and pos
Page 43 and 44: 1990; Bonta, 1996; Jones, 1996). Th
Page 45 and 46: Admission and Classification. 1 I I
Page 47 and 48: e or both’*. TC clients were aske
Page 49 and 50: e Post-release indicators focused u
Page 51 and 52: a Independent Variables One excelle
Page 53 and 54: state prison system. The test-retes
Page 55 and 56: e high correlation with the Beck De
Page 57 and 58: The social conformity scale has dis
Page 59 and 60: e (Simpson, 1997). Items assess the
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@ Sample Characteristics For each i
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~~ 0 inmates participated in AOD pr
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~ ~~ a Table 5 Treatment Exposure:
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Inmates in the four program types d
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dichotomous outcomes such as reinca
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We also observed statkg ratios (inm
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e until they are mandated to go, so
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a Table 8 Inmate Characteristics bv
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more counselors and that the progra
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Waymart. Inmates attend a morning m
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current TC inmates (REST and CRC fo
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~ ~~~~ e However, a number of inmat
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e Counselor ratings of client attri
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@ process across the five programs,
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Table 10 Mean CRC Scores: Time 1, T
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Table 12 Mean CRC Scores: Paired Sa
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Table 14 ChanPes in Ratings of Trea
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DOC custody for a parole violation,
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0 Table 15 Number and Type of Relea
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Because few inmates had been releas
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0 Table 16 Reincarceration SamDle C
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0 Table 18 Lopistic Repression of R
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Table 19 Survival Analvsis: Life Ta
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Rearrests Rearrest analyses were ba
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Table20 ~~~ Rearrest Sample Charact
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Table 22 LoPistic Repression of Rea
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Table 23 Survival Analvsis: Life Ta
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e Drug Relapse and Other Parole Dat
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successfill discharges only), the e
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treatment, psychological hctioning)
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Table 25 Logistic Repression of Dru
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i Comparison Group TC Group Note. E
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c 0 E 40% icr E Cresson Graterford
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Hazard Function V C comparison grou
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For each of the three dependent var
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V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Employment may help prevent drug re
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group did get some treatment help
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Recommendations: 2. Correctional ad
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an inmate gets closer to hisher min
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Findings suggested that certain inm
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e Finding: TC programs varied littl
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an evaluation study can be linked w
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and Ryder, 2001; Travis and Petersi
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References Andrews, Donald A. (1995
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Derogatis, L.R., H. Yevzeroff, and
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Hiller, Matthew L.; Knight, Kevin,
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the Physician Leadership on Nationa
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Palmer, Ted. (1995) "Programmatic a
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Simpson, D. Dwayne (1994) TCUPTA Fo
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U.S. Department of Justice (1998) S
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Criminal Justice. U.S. GPO. No. 198
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Appendix I. Overview of DOC Databas
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INMATE RECORDS SYSTEM This database
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Inmate (Program Participant) Interv
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' Appendix 3. Subject Consent Form
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Confidentiali@/Anonymitv I understa
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DRUG SCREEN PLEASE COMPLETE ALL INF
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@ Appendix 5. TCU Resident Evaluati
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EVALUATION OF SELF AND TIiEATMENT (
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EVALUATION OF SELF AND TREATMENT (C
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EVALUATION OF SELF AND TREATMENT (C
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Appendix 6. TCU Counselor Rating of
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COUNSELOR RATING OF CLIENT (CONTINU
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@ INDIVIDUAL PROGRAM REPORTS: DOC-T
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pattern, chemical abuse and health
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~ on the inmate with respect to pre
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1. Presence of AOD problem that has
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@ and consists of suggestions on ho
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0 tasks, the inmate must receive a
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StaffDemographics (fidl time AOD st
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@ provided describing drug and alco
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The Inmate Handbook also lists reas
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Examples of Phase I1 problem areas
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counselor and through institutional
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9. What are the criteria for succes
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and then listing an alternative ass
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Finally, in Phase IV the inmate is
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INDIVIDUAL PROGRAM REPORTS: DOC-TEM
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Specific Program Content and Struct
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Name of Staff Member: Job Title: Hi
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