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Table 28 4 Reincarceration Rearrest Drug Relapse b S.E. Exp(B) b S.E. Exp(B) b S.E. Exp(B) AGE -.056 * .017 .945 .019 .010 1.019 TIME TO MIN OGS-CURRENT OGS-PRIOR DRUG SCORE TIME AT RISK .211 * .027 1.234 .160 * .035 1.173 .063 * .020 1.065 PROGTYPE(1) PRISON( 1) PRISON(2) PRISON(3) PRISON(4) EMPST( 1) EMPST(2) EMPST(3) PROGTYPE( 1) X EMPST( 1) PROGTYPE(1) X EMPST(2) PROGTYPE(1) X EMPST(3) -3.776 * 1.014 -1.592 1.148 -1.417 * .520 2.260 * 1.051 346 1.279 .755 .552 374 * .311 2.396 .528 .355 1.696 .755 * .289 2.127 .319 .351 1.375 ,023 -2.647 * .531 .071 -.567 * .209 .567 2.04 -.675 .574 SO9 -.211 .417 .810 .242 -1.822 * .399 .162 -.232 .208 .793 9.587 2.330 2.127 Constant Chi-square (df) -2 Log likelihood -2.684 * 131.83 * (7 df) 537.95 .291 .068 -.827 92.39 * (5 df) 376.98 ,594 .437 -2.282 * 38.81 * (9 df) 817.43 .517 .lo2 N of cases 702 . -- 703 649 *p < .05 Note. Probability required for entry was < .lo; probability required for removal was > .20. Coefficients are shown only for variables that remained in the final regression equation. TIME TO MIN = Time remaining to minimu release date at time of program admission; OGS = Offense Gravity Score, Current and Prior (1 - 10); PROGTYPE: 1 = COMPARISON GROUP, 0 = TC. PRISON: 1 = CRESSON, 2 = GRATERFORD, 3 =HOUTZDALE, 4 = HUNTINGDON; EMPST( 1) = full time employment, EMPST(2) = part time employment, EMPST(3) = unemployed and able. -.. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. 129
V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The purpose of this project was to examine multiple post-release outcomes for 2,981 inmates who participated in TC drug treatment'programs or comparison groups at five state prisons, and to examine interactions between client selection, program structure, treatment process, responses to treatment and multiple measures of outcome. Matched comparison groups made up of TC-eligible inmates participating in less intensive forms of treatment (e.g., short-term drug education and outpatient treatment groups) at the same five institutions were constructed based upon known predictors such as drug dependency, need for treatment and criminal history. Process and outcome measures incorporated institutional, intermediate (e.g., attitudinal and .i behavioral change) and post-release measures (e.g., drug relapse, rearrest, reincarceration). Below, we summarize Sndings and recommendations in five major areas: post-release outcomes, inmate characteristics, treatment process, programmatic variations, and information systems. Post Release Outcomes Overall, we found positive effects of TC, especially for successful program graduates (but not failures), and mainly on reincarceration rates (but not rearrest or drug relapse rates). Controlling for selection differences (e.g., criminal history and assessed level of need for drug treatment), reincarceration rates were significantly lower for TC graduates (19%) than Comparison inmates (26%). Interestingly, the positive effects of TC were moderated considerably by post-release employment. With minor exceptions (discussed below), programmatic effects were invariant across the five institutions. 0 TC significantly lowered the likelihood of reincarceration, although it did so only when successll program graduates were isolated. When program failures were included in analyses, TC 130 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
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The author(s) shown below used Fede
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Evaluation of Pri
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e the same five institutions were c
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0 0 Treatment staff showed a high l
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Policy Issues and Recommendations R
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1. Overview In fro duction Like oth
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a years old. Offenders were serving
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integrated into the other activitie
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e repeatedly incarcerated, but untr
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0 According to a recent report by t
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e and Camacho, 1997), and the Feder
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8% lower reincarceration rate compa
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e reincarcerated, compared to only
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e of less violence and greater drug
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included those clients who graduate
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e conjunction with the National Ins
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@ drug use than untreated women (35
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9 serve, then they were removed fio
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programming per week (mean = 30 hr/
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participation in treatment) and pos
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1990; Bonta, 1996; Jones, 1996). Th
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Admission and Classification. 1 I I
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e or both’*. TC clients were aske
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e Post-release indicators focused u
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a Independent Variables One excelle
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state prison system. The test-retes
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e high correlation with the Beck De
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The social conformity scale has dis
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e (Simpson, 1997). Items assess the
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@ Sample Characteristics For each i
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~~ 0 inmates participated in AOD pr
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~ ~~ a Table 5 Treatment Exposure:
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Inmates in the four program types d
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dichotomous outcomes such as reinca
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We also observed statkg ratios (inm
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e until they are mandated to go, so
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a Table 8 Inmate Characteristics bv
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more counselors and that the progra
Page 79 and 80: Waymart. Inmates attend a morning m
Page 81 and 82: current TC inmates (REST and CRC fo
Page 83 and 84: ~ ~~~~ e However, a number of inmat
Page 85 and 86: e Counselor ratings of client attri
Page 87 and 88: @ process across the five programs,
Page 89 and 90: Table 10 Mean CRC Scores: Time 1, T
Page 91 and 92: Table 12 Mean CRC Scores: Paired Sa
Page 93 and 94: Table 14 ChanPes in Ratings of Trea
Page 95 and 96: DOC custody for a parole violation,
Page 97 and 98: 0 Table 15 Number and Type of Relea
Page 99 and 100: Because few inmates had been releas
Page 101 and 102: 0 Table 16 Reincarceration SamDle C
Page 103 and 104: 0 Table 18 Lopistic Repression of R
Page 105 and 106: Table 19 Survival Analvsis: Life Ta
Page 107 and 108: Rearrests Rearrest analyses were ba
Page 109 and 110: Table20 ~~~ Rearrest Sample Charact
Page 111 and 112: Table 22 LoPistic Repression of Rea
Page 113 and 114: Table 23 Survival Analvsis: Life Ta
Page 115 and 116: e Drug Relapse and Other Parole Dat
Page 117 and 118: successfill discharges only), the e
Page 119 and 120: treatment, psychological hctioning)
Page 121 and 122: Table 25 Logistic Repression of Dru
Page 123 and 124: i Comparison Group TC Group Note. E
Page 125 and 126: c 0 E 40% icr E Cresson Graterford
Page 127 and 128: Hazard Function V C comparison grou
Page 129: For each of the three dependent var
Page 133 and 134: Employment may help prevent drug re
Page 135 and 136: group did get some treatment help
Page 137 and 138: Recommendations: 2. Correctional ad
Page 139 and 140: an inmate gets closer to hisher min
Page 141 and 142: Findings suggested that certain inm
Page 143 and 144: e Finding: TC programs varied littl
Page 145 and 146: an evaluation study can be linked w
Page 147 and 148: and Ryder, 2001; Travis and Petersi
Page 149 and 150: References Andrews, Donald A. (1995
Page 151 and 152: Derogatis, L.R., H. Yevzeroff, and
Page 153 and 154: Hiller, Matthew L.; Knight, Kevin,
Page 155 and 156: the Physician Leadership on Nationa
Page 157 and 158: Palmer, Ted. (1995) "Programmatic a
Page 159 and 160: Simpson, D. Dwayne (1994) TCUPTA Fo
Page 161 and 162: U.S. Department of Justice (1998) S
Page 163 and 164: Criminal Justice. U.S. GPO. No. 198
Page 165 and 166: Appendix I. Overview of DOC Databas
Page 167 and 168: INMATE RECORDS SYSTEM This database
Page 169 and 170: Inmate (Program Participant) Interv
Page 171 and 172: ' Appendix 3. Subject Consent Form
Page 173 and 174: Confidentiali@/Anonymitv I understa
Page 175 and 176: DRUG SCREEN PLEASE COMPLETE ALL INF
Page 177 and 178: @ Appendix 5. TCU Resident Evaluati
Page 179 and 180: EVALUATION OF SELF AND TIiEATMENT (
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EVALUATION OF SELF AND TREATMENT (C
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EVALUATION OF SELF AND TREATMENT (C
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Appendix 6. TCU Counselor Rating of
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COUNSELOR RATING OF CLIENT (CONTINU
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@ INDIVIDUAL PROGRAM REPORTS: DOC-T
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pattern, chemical abuse and health
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~ on the inmate with respect to pre
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1. Presence of AOD problem that has
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@ and consists of suggestions on ho
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0 tasks, the inmate must receive a
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StaffDemographics (fidl time AOD st
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@ provided describing drug and alco
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The Inmate Handbook also lists reas
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Examples of Phase I1 problem areas
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counselor and through institutional
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9. What are the criteria for succes
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and then listing an alternative ass
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Finally, in Phase IV the inmate is
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INDIVIDUAL PROGRAM REPORTS: DOC-TEM
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Specific Program Content and Struct
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Name of Staff Member: Job Title: Hi
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