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Background The Research Partnership Between PA-DOC and Temple University In 1999, we developed a collaborative research partnership between the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections and Temple University’s Center for Public Policy. Our initial project was bded by a one-year grant (Jan. 1- 1999 - Dec. 31, 1999) fiom the National Institute of Justice. During our first year, we conducted a descriptive assessment and process evaluation of I AOD programming offered by the Department of Corrections (Welsh, 2000a, 2000b). A second project, an outcome evaluation of AOD programs at 5 prisons, was funded by the National Institute of Justice (Jan. 1,2000 - June 30,2002). A third project, funded by the Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency (Oct. 1,2001 - Dec. 31,2002), is now tracking postrelease outcomes (reincarceration, rearrest, relapse) for 2391 inmates who participated in either Therapeutic Community or less intensive Education or Outpatient programs at 5 state prisons. Pennsylvania Department of Corrections The Pennsylvania Department of Corrections operates 25 State Correctional Institutions, one Motivational Boot Camp, 14 Community Corrections Centers and 43 vendor-run Community Contract Facilities (CCF’s). The Department housed 38,195 inmates as of January 31,2002, with males representing 96% of the state’s inmate population (Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, 2002a). Pennsylvania consistently ranks among the ten highest prison populations in the country (Beck and Harrison, 2001). As of January 31,2002, offenders were housed at 112% of the system’s design capacity, with six facilities housing offenders in excess of 130% of design capacity (Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, 2002b). The inmate population consisted of 33.9% Caucasians, 54.5% Mican Americans, and 10.9% Hispanics, with less than one percent accounted for by other ethnicities or races. The average age of offenders in DOC custody was 35 12 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
a years old. Offenders were serving an average minimum sentence length of 6.2 years and an average maximum length of 13.9 years.’ Inmate enrollment in AOD programming increased from 1 1,824 as of December 3 1,1996 to 16,100 as of December 3 1,2001, an increase of 36%. By comparison, the total number of offenders under DOC custody increased fiom 34,537 as of December 3 1,1996 to 38,195 as of January 3 1,2002, an increase of 1 1 %. The Department of Corrections General Fund Budget for fiscal year 2000-2001 was $1,2 16,569,000, representing 6 / i percent of the total state budget. The overall operational cost per inmate for fiscal year July 1, 1999 - June 30,2000 averaged $28,111 per year or 77.02 per day. As of December 31,2000, the department employed 14,439 staff. Alcohol or Other Drug Programs Administered by DOC The department’s approach to alcohol or other drug (AOD) programs is informed by a holistic health model that treats substance abuse as a complex problem with physiological, psychological, emotional, behavioral, spiritual, environmental and sociopolitical dimensions (Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, 2001). Long-term goals are to reduce recidivism, drug dealing and drug use, and increase the prospects for successfbl reintegration into society. The Department’s AOD programming is grouped into four major categories: (1) Education programs offered to inmates identified as having a low level of drug and alcohol involvement; (2) Outpatient Treatment programs offered to inmates in need of more intensive, intermediate levels of intervention, including individual and group counseling sessions; (3) Therapeutic Communities offered to inmates identified as needing intensive, residential substance abuse treatment; and (4) ’ Averages do not include lifers, capital cases and parole violators. For those interested in more detailed statistical breakdowns of the DOC population, annual statistical reports, current monthly population reports, and current monthly institutional profiles are available online at: www.cor.state.pa.us. statistics. htm 13 This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Page 1 and 2: The author(s) shown below used Fede
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Executive Summary
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Evaluation of Pri
Page 7 and 8: e the same five institutions were c
Page 9 and 10: 0 0 Treatment staff showed a high l
Page 11 and 12: Policy Issues and Recommendations R
Page 13: 1. Overview In fro duction Like oth
Page 17 and 18: integrated into the other activitie
Page 19 and 20: e repeatedly incarcerated, but untr
Page 21 and 22: 0 According to a recent report by t
Page 23 and 24: e and Camacho, 1997), and the Feder
Page 25 and 26: 8% lower reincarceration rate compa
Page 27 and 28: e reincarcerated, compared to only
Page 29 and 30: e of less violence and greater drug
Page 31 and 32: included those clients who graduate
Page 33 and 34: e conjunction with the National Ins
Page 35 and 36: @ drug use than untreated women (35
Page 37 and 38: 9 serve, then they were removed fio
Page 39 and 40: programming per week (mean = 30 hr/
Page 41 and 42: participation in treatment) and pos
Page 43 and 44: 1990; Bonta, 1996; Jones, 1996). Th
Page 45 and 46: Admission and Classification. 1 I I
Page 47 and 48: e or both’*. TC clients were aske
Page 49 and 50: e Post-release indicators focused u
Page 51 and 52: a Independent Variables One excelle
Page 53 and 54: state prison system. The test-retes
Page 55 and 56: e high correlation with the Beck De
Page 57 and 58: The social conformity scale has dis
Page 59 and 60: e (Simpson, 1997). Items assess the
Page 61 and 62: @ Sample Characteristics For each i
Page 63 and 64: ~~ 0 inmates participated in AOD pr
Page 65 and 66:
~ ~~ a Table 5 Treatment Exposure:
Page 67 and 68:
Inmates in the four program types d
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dichotomous outcomes such as reinca
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We also observed statkg ratios (inm
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e until they are mandated to go, so
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a Table 8 Inmate Characteristics bv
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more counselors and that the progra
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Waymart. Inmates attend a morning m
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current TC inmates (REST and CRC fo
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~ ~~~~ e However, a number of inmat
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e Counselor ratings of client attri
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@ process across the five programs,
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Table 10 Mean CRC Scores: Time 1, T
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Table 12 Mean CRC Scores: Paired Sa
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Table 14 ChanPes in Ratings of Trea
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DOC custody for a parole violation,
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0 Table 15 Number and Type of Relea
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Because few inmates had been releas
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0 Table 16 Reincarceration SamDle C
Page 103 and 104:
0 Table 18 Lopistic Repression of R
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Table 19 Survival Analvsis: Life Ta
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Rearrests Rearrest analyses were ba
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Table20 ~~~ Rearrest Sample Charact
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Table 22 LoPistic Repression of Rea
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Table 23 Survival Analvsis: Life Ta
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e Drug Relapse and Other Parole Dat
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successfill discharges only), the e
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treatment, psychological hctioning)
Page 121 and 122:
Table 25 Logistic Repression of Dru
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i Comparison Group TC Group Note. E
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c 0 E 40% icr E Cresson Graterford
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Hazard Function V C comparison grou
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For each of the three dependent var
Page 131 and 132:
V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Employment may help prevent drug re
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group did get some treatment help
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Recommendations: 2. Correctional ad
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an inmate gets closer to hisher min
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Findings suggested that certain inm
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e Finding: TC programs varied littl
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an evaluation study can be linked w
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and Ryder, 2001; Travis and Petersi
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References Andrews, Donald A. (1995
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Derogatis, L.R., H. Yevzeroff, and
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Hiller, Matthew L.; Knight, Kevin,
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the Physician Leadership on Nationa
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Palmer, Ted. (1995) "Programmatic a
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Simpson, D. Dwayne (1994) TCUPTA Fo
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U.S. Department of Justice (1998) S
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Criminal Justice. U.S. GPO. No. 198
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Appendix I. Overview of DOC Databas
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INMATE RECORDS SYSTEM This database
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Inmate (Program Participant) Interv
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' Appendix 3. Subject Consent Form
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Confidentiali@/Anonymitv I understa
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DRUG SCREEN PLEASE COMPLETE ALL INF
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@ Appendix 5. TCU Resident Evaluati
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EVALUATION OF SELF AND TIiEATMENT (
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EVALUATION OF SELF AND TREATMENT (C
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EVALUATION OF SELF AND TREATMENT (C
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Appendix 6. TCU Counselor Rating of
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COUNSELOR RATING OF CLIENT (CONTINU
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@ INDIVIDUAL PROGRAM REPORTS: DOC-T
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pattern, chemical abuse and health
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~ on the inmate with respect to pre
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1. Presence of AOD problem that has
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@ and consists of suggestions on ho
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0 tasks, the inmate must receive a
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StaffDemographics (fidl time AOD st
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@ provided describing drug and alco
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The Inmate Handbook also lists reas
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Examples of Phase I1 problem areas
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counselor and through institutional
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9. What are the criteria for succes
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and then listing an alternative ass
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Finally, in Phase IV the inmate is
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INDIVIDUAL PROGRAM REPORTS: DOC-TEM
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Specific Program Content and Struct
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Name of Staff Member: Job Title: Hi
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